多轴特种车辆缺胎行驶动力学特性研究
Driving Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-Axle Special Vehicles in Shortage of Tires
通讯作者: 刘志浩,副教授;E-mail:zhliu201@163.com.
责任编辑: 孙启艳
收稿日期: 2021-06-29 接受日期: 2021-08-1
基金资助: |
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Received: 2021-06-29 Accepted: 2021-08-1
作者简介 About authors
黄通(1995-),博士生,从事特种车辆分析与评估技术研究.
为了探究多轴特种车辆在轮胎损失极限工况下的行驶特性,基于TruckSim车辆动力学软件,建立包括整车参数、动力传动与制动系统、车桥与悬挂系统、转向系统和轮胎系统的五轴特种车辆动力学仿真试验模型,通过对仿真模型进行调整和改进,建立符合实车驱动的特种车辆动力学模型.为重点分析轮胎缺失状态的影响,以轮胎六分力试验为基础,选取TruckSim中性能相似的非线性轮胎模型进行修改,通过进行0~80~0 km/h直线加速制动平顺性仿真试验和双移线操稳性仿真试验,研究不同位置处轮胎缺失状态下的车辆平顺特性和操稳特性.同时,以车辆质心偏移量为标准,分析讨论不同行驶速度下的最大缺失轮胎数量,提出不同行驶速度下缺胎工况的轮胎布置方法以及各桥轮胎对车辆行驶影响的程度级别.研究结果表明:多轴特种车辆具备在缺胎工况下行驶的极限条件,不同位置处轮胎缺失对车辆的最大行驶速度影响不显著;该型车辆各桥轮胎对车辆行驶影响的重要程度依次为一桥、五桥、三桥、二桥和四桥;车辆分别以50、30和20 km/h速度行驶时,最大缺失轮胎数量分别为1、2和3个.研究结论为多轴特种车辆行驶安全性评估提供了理论支撑.
关键词:
In order to investigate the driving characteristics of multi-axis special vehicle under the limit condition of missing tires, a five-axis special vehicle dynamics simulation test model including vehicle parameters, power transmission and braking system, axle and suspension system, steering system, and tire system was established based on the vehicle dynamics software TruckSim. Focusing on the analysis of the effect of tire deficiency and based on the tire six component test, the simulation test model of tire parameter was modified and the 0—80—0 km/h linear acceleration brake comfort simulation test and double line operating stability simulation test were conducted to study the smooth features and stability characteristics under the condition of tire deficiency at different positions. Based on the deviation of the centroid of the vehicle, the maximum number of missing tires at different driving speeds was analyzed, and the tire layout methods as well as the degree of influence of each axle tire on the vehicle at different driving speeds were proposed. The results show that the multi-axle special vehicle has the limit condition of driving under the condition of tire deficiency, and the tire deficiency at different positions has little effect on the driving speed of the vehicle. The influence of each axle tire on the driving of this type of vehicle is ranked in order of importance, which are the first axle, the fifth axle, the third axle, the second axle, and the fourth axle. When the vehicle travels at 50 km/h, 30 km/h, and 20 km/h, the maximum numbers of missing tires are 1, 2, and 3, respectively. This paper can provide theoretical support for the assessment of driving safety of multi-axle special vehicles.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
黄通, 高钦和, 刘志浩, 王冬.
HUANG Tong, GAO Qinhe, LIU Zhihao, WANG Dong.
随着国家基础设施建设和国防工业需求的不断提高,专用工程车辆也逐渐向大型化和重型化的方向快速发展.尤其是在国防工业中使用的多轴特种车辆,作为大型武器装备的承载、运输和发射平台,必须具备在复杂道路工况和恶劣运输环境下的高机动性和可操作性[1].
轮胎作为车辆与地面接触的唯一部件,其力学性能将直接影响车辆动力学特性[2-3].由于特种车辆使用环境的特殊性,其轮胎系统不仅面临常规磨损、刺破、裂纹和爆胎等损伤现象[4],还面临敌方的打击和破坏,如爆炸冲击波、破片和弹丸等毁伤方式[5].车辆轮胎系统的防护能力一般比较薄弱,且轮胎使用频率较大,使得轮胎系统容易出现损伤和损坏状况.国内外针对轮胎损伤状态下车辆行驶特性的研究主要集中在爆胎动力学与控制[6⇓⇓-9],以及磨损状态下的轮胎动力学特性[10-11].爆胎动力学重点研究了在爆胎过程中车辆的动力学响应以及爆胎车辆的主动安全控制,以期避免车辆在爆胎后由于转向过大而导致的失稳或翻车现象[12⇓-14].
与普通车辆工作不同,多轴特种车辆在任务执行过程中具有较高的命令性,在轮胎受损后,仍要尽可能保证完成任务,这就需要在轮胎已受损的状态下继续行驶.而当已受损的轮胎安装在车辆上行驶时,由于拖滚和制动等摩擦的影响,容易出现自燃等现象,这对车辆自身结构和行驶安全都带来了极大的隐患和危害,特别是在车辆携带武器装备时危害性更大.
基于此,考虑多轴特种车辆尺寸较大、轮胎数量较多的条件,本文开展多轴特种车辆缺胎状态下的行驶特性研究.缺胎行驶状态试验具有危险性,因此基于TruckSim车辆动力学软件建立五轴特种车辆动力学仿真模型并开展缺胎行驶试验,分析不同位置处轮胎缺失状态下的车辆平顺特性和操稳特性,提出不同行驶速度缺胎工况的布置方法以及各桥轮胎对车辆行驶影响的程度级别.研究结果为多轴特种车辆的行驶安全性评估提供参考.
1 缺胎行驶仿真试验
TruckSim是一种集成建模、分析和动态模拟的汽车整车动力学仿真软件.在建模过程中只需要输入软件所需的关键参数,与传统的车辆性能分析软件相比,具有高效、可靠和精度高的优势[15].
由于特种车辆的特殊性,在TruckSim中没有五轴特种车辆的模型,但五轴特种车辆与五轴载货卡车具有相同的底盘类型,因此,本文以TruckSim中TS 5A Tractors模型为基础进行某型五轴特种车辆参数建模,其中车辆建模主要包括整车参数、动力传动与制动系统、车桥与悬挂系统、转向系统和轮胎系统,忽略空气动力学的影响.
试验条件选择0~80~0 km/h直线加速制动试验进行平顺性测试;选择双移线试验进行操稳性测试.
1.1 车辆建模
(1) 整车参数建模.
表1 整车基本参数
Tab.1
簧载 质量/kg | 长度/ mm | 宽度/ mm | 高度/ mm | 质心距离坐标原点距离/mm | 转动惯量/(kg·m-2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
纵向 | 横向 | 垂向 | 绕x轴 | 绕y轴 | 绕z轴 | |||||
43720 | 12900 | 2460 | 2310 | 4470 | 0 | 1080 | 184500 | 511500 | 429500 |
表2 整车参数建模
Tab.2
侧倾惯量/ (kg·m-2) | 俯仰惯量/ (kg·m-2) | 偏转惯量/ (kg·m-2) | 惯性积/(kg·m2) | 回转半径/m | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
绕xy平面 | 绕xz平面 | 绕yz平面 | 绕x轴 | 绕y轴 | 绕z轴 | ||||
184500 | 511500 | 429500 | 0 | 2660 | 0 | 2.054 | 3.420 | 3.134 |
(2) 动力传动与制动系统建模.
TruckSim软件中动力传动系统建模主要由发动机、离合器、分动箱和差速器等组成.实车所安装的发动机性能与软件内部的330 kW Diesel (210 0RPM)发动机相似,可修改调用.与普通车辆后桥驱动不同,该型特种车辆采用前四桥驱动方式,在TruckSim中没有可直接调用的10×8前桥驱动方式,本文选择10×10全驱传动模型,通过对四桥和五桥分动箱传输比进行修改,将四桥和五桥分动箱传输比定义为1∶0,建立了符合实车驱动模型的动力传动模型如图1所示,分动箱和差速器等参数按照实车性能参数进行设置.制动系统按照实车要求均选择强度较大的10 kN·m具有防抱死制动系统(ABS)模块的气压制动系统.
图1
(3) 车桥与悬挂系统建模.
根据实车配置情况,各桥悬挂具体参数如表3所示,并在TruckSim中选择10 t的具有弹性阻尼特性(K&C)的独立悬架模型进行修改调用.
表3 各桥悬挂参数
Tab.3
各桥非 簧载质 量/kg | 车桥横摆 转动惯量/ (kg·m-2) | 轮距/ mm | 各桥 质心 高/mm | 各桥质 心横向 坐标/mm | 各桥车 轮前束 角/(°) | 各桥车轮 外倾角/ (°) | 1-2轴 距/m | 2-3轴 距/m | 3-4轴 距/m | 4-5轴 距/m | 悬挂刚度/ (N·mm-1) | 悬挂阻尼/ (kN·s·m-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
870 | 295 | 182 0 | 580 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 600 | 50 |
(4) 转向系统建模.
该型车辆采用前两桥和后两桥转向的方式,选择中轴距转向轴模型调用修改对应的转向轮定位参数, 名义传动比为25∶1.转向系统的弹性运动特性采用系统的默认设置.
(5) 轮胎系统建模.
图2
图3
图4
图5
1.2 直线加速制动仿真试验
表4 车辆行驶速度与对应时间
Tab.4
名称 | 最大速度/ (km·h-1) | 最大速度 对应时间/s |
---|---|---|
完备轮胎 | 80 | 73.825 |
缺一桥右胎 | 80 | 87.900 |
缺二桥右胎 | 80 | 73.950 |
缺三桥右胎 | 80 | 87.250 |
缺四桥右胎 | 80 | 73.700 |
缺五桥右胎 | 80 | 77.700 |
图6
图7
图8
图9
1.3 双移线仿真试验
双移线仿真试验主要考察车辆在各缺胎工况下的操稳特性.选择TruckSim中的Double Lane Change模块进行测试,试验速度为恒定目标速度执行双移线运动.路面设置为附着系数为0.85,滚动阻力系数为1.0的高附着平直路面,无风环境,试验轨迹如图10所示,其中z为侧向位移.
图10
图11
图12
图11和图12结果表明,在50 km/h稳速直线行驶阶段,缺一桥右胎时的侧倾角为3.49°,缺二桥右胎时的侧倾角为2.85°,缺三桥右胎时的侧倾角为2.62°,缺四桥右胎时的侧倾角为2.96°,缺五桥右胎时的侧倾角为3.43°.此外,各缺胎工况下的横摆角速度均控制在0.1 (°)/s内;在稳速左转、右转行驶阶段,缺五桥右胎时的侧倾角最大,分别达到8.74° 和7.21°.缺三桥右胎时的侧倾角幅值虽然不是最大,但波动很明显,这主要是由于三桥距离车辆质心最近,三桥右胎的缺失对车辆质心位置影响较大.此外,缺一桥右胎、缺二桥右胎、缺四桥右胎和缺五桥右胎工况均出现了明显的横摆角速度突变,而缺三桥右胎工况与完备轮胎系统工况的横摆角速度相比,横摆角速度变化更平稳,这主要是由于实车三桥不具备转向功能,在缺失三桥右胎后,转向横摆现象反而减小.且与左转相比,右转时横摆角速度明显增大,在缺五桥右胎工况下达到4.12 (°)/s.
2 分析与讨论
试验结果表明,与正常行驶工况相比,缺胎行驶工况轮胎垂向载荷分布产生变化,引起各位置处轮胎力学特性变化,进而导致车辆行驶动力学特性改变.
多轴特种车辆轮胎垂向载荷分布和车辆行驶姿态受车辆质心位置影响较大,以车辆质心偏移预定轨迹的值为指标,对不同缺胎工况下各位置处轮胎垂向载荷分布进行量化和表征.计算在50 km/h稳速行驶速度下执行双移线仿真试验时各缺胎工况的质心偏移量(Δx),如图13所示,结果表明如下.
图13
(2) 在稳速转向行驶阶段,一桥右胎缺失工况质心偏移量最大,达到3.55 m,并出现明显的失稳甩尾现象.三桥和五桥右胎缺失工况的质心偏移量次之,二桥和四桥右胎缺失工况的质心偏移量最小.
因此,该型五轴特种车辆各桥轮胎对车辆行驶影响的重要程度依次为一桥、五桥、三桥、二桥和四桥.在紧急状态时,可以采用四桥轮胎进行及时更换,保证其他车桥轮胎的完整性.
图14
图15
图16
3 结论
本文基于TruckSim车辆动力学软件建立了五轴特种车辆动力学仿真试验模型,通过研究不同位置处轮胎缺失状态下的车辆平顺特性和操稳特性,得出以下结论:
(1) 与常规普通车辆相比,多轴特种车辆尺寸较大、轮胎数量较多,具备在缺胎工况下行驶的极限条件,且不同位置处轮胎缺失对车辆的最大行驶速度影响不显著.
(2) 与正常行驶工况相比,缺胎行驶工况轮胎垂向载荷分布产生变化,引起各位置处轮胎力学特性变化,进而导致车辆行驶动力学特性改变.该型五轴特种车辆各桥轮胎对车辆行驶影响的重要程度依次为一桥、五桥、三桥、二桥和四桥.
(3) 当车辆以50 km/h速度行驶时,最大缺失轮胎数量为1个,即四桥或二桥缺失1个轮胎;当以30 km/h速度行驶时,最大缺失轮胎数量为2个,即四桥双胎缺失或二桥四桥对边缺胎;当以20 km/h速度行驶时,最大缺失轮胎数量为3个,即四桥双胎缺失和二桥缺失1个轮胎.
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爆胎汽车的轨迹跟踪与稳定性控制
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Trajectory tracking and stability control for vehicle after tire blow-out
[J]. ,
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