Shanghai was selected for a questionnaire investigation to explore the correlation between residents’ health and dwelling environment in SouthEast China. The results indicated that the prevalence of noninfectious chronic diseases in the elderly was as high as 70%, the most prevalent diseases in the middleaged were respiratory tract diseases and gastrointestinal diseases, and 45% of the children suffered from rhinitis in the last 12 months prior to the study. The results also showed that nearly 50% of the residential area had such problems as light pollution, longterm noise, dust, cooking fumes and unpleasant odor. Moreover, 90% of the residents had a strong wish to inspect the air quality in their bedrooms. The logistic regression analysis indicated good health habits would significantly reduce the diseases prevalence among residents while indoor smoking, cooking fumes, dampness and unpleasant odor could significantly increase residents’ health risk.