Table of Content

29 August 2013, Volume 47 Issue 08 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Aeronautics & Astronautics

Select

Advantage Analysis and Verification of GPS/Beidou Integrated Satellite Navigation System YAN Lin,ZHAN Xingqun 2013, 47 (08):  1169-1172.  Abstract ( 1397 )   Save The GPS/Beidou integrated system has more advantages over GPS because it uses the GPS/ Beidou integrated mode receiver for satellite signal quality test. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the experimental data, a qualitative conclusion can be drawn that the Beidou navigation system has some positive effects on positioning with GPS only. Compared with GPS, satellite observation with the GPS/Beidou integrated system has more advantages over GPS on the quantity of visible satellite, the geometric distribution of satellite to observation station and expansion of the CORS network coverage. Moreover, it can improve the positioning capability of receivers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Multi-Level Constrained Vector Map Matching Navigation Algorithm HUANG Bin1,SUN Yongrong1,WANG Lina2,3,GAO Xiaoying2,3 2013, 47 (08):  1173-1178.  Abstract ( 1224 )   Save To solve the aerial vector map matching problem for linear objects, a multi-level constrained vector map matching navigation algorithm (MLC-VMMA) was proposed which used the difference angle as the matching feature for linear target. The MLC-VMMA reduces, in turn, the size of feasible solution space with multi-level constraints including the distance constraint, the order constraint and the error constraint. The MLC-VMMA can solve the vector map matching problem in rotation, translation and scaling transformation. Simulation results show that the MLC-VMMA has a high reliability and navigation accuracy, even for vector map matching in small scaling transformation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Optimization and Kinetic Simulation of Constant Runout Control System of Arresting Gear ZHENG Mao,WANG Chao,HUANG Sheng 2013, 47 (08):  1179-1184.  Abstract ( 971 )   Save To gain the optimum control regularity of the constant runout control system, the kinetic simulation for MK7-3 arresting gear was completed and the control valve flow area of the constant runout was optimized using Hicks-Henne shape function and the steepest descent method.  Finally, kinetic simulation of different weights, engaged speeds and thrusts indicates that different aircrafts can be arrested at a constant distance and that the loads on wires and the acceleration of aircrafts are proper, showing the validity and the safety of the optimized control regularity.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Measurement Accuracy and Application of Liquid Crystal Thermography Technique in Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer XU Yamin,RAO Yu 2013, 47 (08):  1185-1190.  Abstract ( 841 )   Save By conducting a calibration experiment, the parameters affecting the measurement accuracy of the liquid crystal thermography has been analyzed, and the methods for improving the measurement accuracy have been developed. Additionally, the application of the liquid crystal thermography technique in the study of turbulent flow heat transfer has been discussed. The experimental results showed that using the color imaging processing techniques, properly controlling the coating thickness (over 20 μm), keeping the lighting angle as small as possible, and using a finely prepared thermochromatic liquid crystal (TLC) coating can distinctively improve the measurement accuracy of the liquid crystal thermography. Finally, the applications of the steady and transient liquid crystal thermography technique in the study of the turbulent flow heat transfer have been described, which is related to the convective cooling of the aero-engine turbine blade.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Searching Optimization Algorithm for Deformation Control of Aircraft Thin-walled Parts in Multi-Point Flexible Tooling System   2013, 47 (08):  1191-1197.  Abstract ( 1045 )   Save According to the engineering requirements of multi-point flexible positioning of aircraft thin-walled parts in the assembly process, and based on the “N-2-1” positioning principle, this paper proposed a searching optimization algorithm to determine the selection of the number and layout of positioning points and the suction pressure while the thin-walled parts are on multi-point flexible positioning. Based on the analysis of the effects of associated parameters on positioning accuracy, and taking engineering requirements as the objective function and movement range of positioning points as constraints, the algorithm conducted distributed search and integrated optimization for the number and layout of positioning points and the suction pressure. In order to implement this algorithm, MATLAB was used as the main control loop program. The optimal choice of the number and layout of positioning points and the suction pressure was obtained by the combined calculation of MATLAB and ANSYS. The algorithm solved the problems of low efficiency and poor results of the conventional method which relied on operator experience or simply by virtue of the FEA software analysis. Finally, searching optimization calculations and experimental verification were proceeded for an engineering requirements. The numerical example and experimental results show that the algorithm has a strong engineering feasibility.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Parallel Optimization of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method Using Compute Unified Device Architecture Fortran YAN Li,DAI Xinyi,CHEN Jialuo,WANG Pingyang,OUYANG Hua 2013, 47 (08):  1198-1204.  Abstract ( 856 )   Save Direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is currently the most widely used numerical method for rarefied flow calculation. Based on the Fortran programming platform of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture), the DSMC method was optimized. Taking the calculation of high supersonic aerodynamic heating as an example, the effect of serial and parallel computing speed and simulation molecules on parallel efficiency was studied. The comparison shows that the parallel results are consistent with each other and parallel program achieved an acceleration of 4 to 10 times. And accelerating performance is proportional to the size of calculation. The application of GPU parallel technology will greatly promote the development of DSMC method.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Ascent Trajectory Planning for Stratospheric Airship Based on Gauss Pseudospectral Method ZHANG Lixue1,WANG Zhongwei1,YANG Xixiang1,SONG Qinglei2 2013, 47 (08):  1205-1209.  Abstract ( 992 )   Save The trajectory planning model for stratosphere airship ascent was completed by introducing the net buoyancy calculate method. The objective function and constraints was deduced from the flight characteristic analysis of stratospheric airship ascent process. In addition, the minimum ascent time and minimum energy use were simulated based on the Gauss pseudospectral method. The results show that the minimum ascent time for airship is 2 913.6 s; and if the ascent time is abundant, stratospheric airship can fly to 20 km without exhausting any energy. The simulation results can provide useful reference for stratosphere airship integrated design and argument.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Progressive Failure Analysis of Composite Laminates Based on Simplified Zinoviev Model SHI Xiaohui,CHEN Xiuhua,WANG Hai 2013, 47 (08):  1210-1216.  Abstract ( 926 )   Save A simple stiffness degradation method was proposed based on the model of individual unidirectional ply within the laminated composite. The model simplified Zinoviev’s theory of individual unidirectional ply under transverse loading and shear loading. 2D Hashin criterion was employed to predict the failure of individual ply in laminates. With the help of increment method, a program was complied to analysis the failure behavior of composite laminates. With this program, the failure of composite laminates of various layup and materials were predicted. The results demonstrated that, on the premise of maintaining the high accuracy of Zinoviev’s theory, the proposed model simplified the calculation process and could be easily applied to further study.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Optimal Boundary Protection Method for Aircraft under Icing Conditions ZHOU Li1,2,XU Haojun1,YANG Zhe1,LIU Dongliang1 2013, 47 (08):  1217-1221.  Abstract ( 1075 )   Save An optimal boundary protection method was proposed not only to ensure flight safety but also to maximize the performance of aircrafts. A critical parameter and its changing rate were defined as control objects. Based on the characteristic analysis of these two variables under optimal boundary protection, the adjusting amount and time were selected as two critical parameters to control the input signal. Accordingly, an analytical relationship between the optimal values of adjusting amount and time was developed. In order to avoid incidents and accidents caused by wing stall, the stall angle limit was estimated to obtain the dynamic flight boundary. In addition, an optimal boundary protection for wing stall under icing conditions was implemented through simulation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is valid and effective. Therefore, it can provide an important novel approach for flight safety guarantee under icing conditions.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automation Technique, Computer Technology

Select

Fingerprint Singular-point Detection Based on Mathematical Model Analysis WANG Xiaoduan1,LIU Shuxin2,LIU Manhua1 2013, 47 (08):  1222-1226.  Abstract ( 859 )   Save As traditional singular point detection methods are mainly based on the orientation changes which are often affected by noise, a novel method was proposed for fingerprint singular-point detection based on mathematical model analysis in this paper. First, discrete cosine transform (DCT) was used as the basis functions to build the orientation reconstruction model and compute the orientation field. Then, the ordinary differential equation and system linearization model were computed with fingerprint orientation field and the singular points detected based on the model analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed singular point detection method has high robustness to noise and can achieve a higher accuracy compared to the traditional Poincare Index method. Key words： References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Disjunctive Graph-based Modeling and Scheduling for Cluster Tools GAO Zhongshun，ZHOU Binghai 2013, 47 (08):  1227-1233.  Abstract ( 1185 )   Save To solve the scheduling problem in single-arm cluster tools with chamber buffers and processing multiple part-type wafers, a branching search scheduling method was proposed based on the disjunctive graph model. First, a scheduling problem of cluster tools was transformed to a single machine scheduling problem. Next, a mathematical model of the problems was constructed based on disjunctive graphs. Then, a feasible solution space was obtained by using the branching method. After that, a branching searching algorithm was proposed for scheduling cluster tools with chamber buffers to obtain optimal robot action sequences to meet the system minimum makespan. Finally, experiments were designed to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is feasible and valid, and that the throughput of cluster tools with chamber buffers can be improved.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Aeronautics & Astronautics

Select

Adaptive Phase Space Reconstruction of Multivariate Based on Third-order Cumulant XI Jianhui1，ZHANG Lei1，SU Ronghui2，FU Li1 2013, 47 (08):  1234-1238.  Abstract ( 871 )   Save This paper provided a multivariate phase space reconstruction method with good anti-noise performance by making use of the third-order cumulant which was used to reflect high-order nonlinear correlation between multivariate series. First, the third-cumulant was introduced to calculate the local intrinsic dimension (LID) of series, and a new third-order cumulant correlation matrix based on different phase points was constructed. An evaluation function was introduced to find an appropriate third-cumulant slice which possessed strong robustness property on the noise and the reconstruction parameters, like embedding dimension. Then, the embedding dimension and the embedding delay were calculated to reconstruct the phase space of multivariate series. Finally, simulation results were given to show that the approach proposed was more effective for noisy chaotic series, from which it could be clearly seen that the multivariate strange attractors got better extensions in the reconstructed phase space.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automation Technique, Computer Technology

Select

Identity-based Threshold Key-insulated Signature Without Random Oracles   CHEN Jianhong1,2,SHAN Jingsong1,YANG Ronggen1,GONG Lejun1,CHEN Kefei 2,YU Kun1,CHEN Liqing1,SUN Chengfu1 2013, 47 (08):  1239-1245.  Abstract ( 692 )   Save To minimize the damage caused by key-exposure in ID-based signature scenarios, this paper  proposed an identity-based threshold key-insulated signature scheme by using Weng et al.’s threshold key-insulated mechanism. The formal proof of security was presented in the standard model, i.e. without random oracles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Aeronautics & Astronautics

Select

Estimation of Enumerative Missing Values Based on Relational Markov Model CHEN Shuang1,2,3,SONG Jinyu1,DIAO Xingchun1,2,CAO Jianjun2 2013, 47 (08):  1246-1250.  Abstract ( 760 )   Save Aimed at the data missing problem in data quality, a relational Markov model (RMM) based approach was proposed, which combined RMM and the dynamic attribute selection (DAS) method to estimate missing values, taking into  full account the relations between attributes and making maximum use of available information in complete cases to improve the estimation performance of missing values. This approach utilized the relational Markov model to compute the transition probabilities from source to target state, and fills in missing values using the maximum posterior probability (MaxPost) and probability proportional (ProProp) methods. Comparative experiments on well-known datasets verify the effectiveness and advantage of this approach.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automation Technique, Computer Technology

Select

Kinematics Analysis and Path Planning of Dual-robot Coordinated Couple Motion ZHANG Tie,OUYANG Fan 2013, 47 (08):  1251-1256.  Abstract ( 967 )   Save This paper focused on the path planning of dual-robot coordinated couple motion when the  tool end posture changed during the process of coordination. The method of replacing tool coordinate system of slave robot was proposed for offline slave robot path generation. The kinematics constraints analysis was presented at the beginning; then the steps and flow chart of the proposed method were illustrated; after that, a dualrobot experimental platform was estalbished; finally, the linear and circular coordianted couple motion with posture change were implemented. The analysis of results indicates that the proposed method,  effective and accurate.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Visibility Detection Based on Estimating Characteristic Luminance of Road Surface YANG Xian,LI Bo,DING Wen,CHEN Qimei 2013, 47 (08):  1257-1263.  Abstract ( 1105 )   Save In order to overcome the shortcomings of state-of the-art visibility detection methods, a novel algorithm was proposed to measure the atmospheric visibility based on intrinsic luminance of road surface using a video camera. First, the luminance and height constant regions of the road were extracted. Then, the apparent luminance of sampled areas was computed, and power functions were built to calculate the intrinsic luminance according to Koschmieder formula and camera calibration technology. Finally, multipoints sampling was conducted to calculate the visibility distance whose the results were clustered. The experimental results show that this algorithm can lower computation costs and achieve a more precise atmospheric visibility.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

General Industrial Technology

Select

Evaluation Method and Experimental Performance of Inner Vertical Adiabatic Falling Film Absorption LIN Peng1，WANG Ruzhu2，XU Zhenzhong2，SHAO Fei1，WANG Ji1 2013, 47 (08):  1264-1270.  Abstract ( 729 )   Save The performance of NH3-H2O inner vertical adiabatic falling film absorption was studied based on the experimental set-up. The potential of absorption was just given by the inlet sub-cooling of the weak solution. Variable working conditions were performed and tested. A novel evaluation method related to Sherwood number was derived from the conservation and transfer equations, which was used to evaluate the experimental data. The experimental results show that transfer rates and Sherwood numbers increase with the growing of Reynolds numbers. The mass transfer process is enhanced by increasing absorption pressure or inlet sub-cooling. The mass transfer performance of coupled heat and mass transfer combined with inlet sub-cooling is higher than inlet sub-cooling or coupled heat and mass transfer only. Sherwood correlation has been fitted based on the experimental data to evaluate the adiabatic falling film absorption. It could be used in designing falling film absorber whose heat and mass transfer are independent of each other. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Fast Fabrication of Super-hydrophobic Brass Surface Using Solution Immersion Method HU Haibao，CHEN Libin，HUANG Suhe 2013, 47 (08):  1271-1274.  Abstract ( 808 )   Save A chemical etching method combined with solution immersion was developed to fabricate super-hydrophobic brass surface. HCl, HNO3 and HF were mixed according to a certain percentages in the solution to etch brass which was treated with stearic acid. Inspected with scanning electron microscope, the etched surface morphology was found formed with double scales of hierarchical sheeted and papillary structures which could store lots of air. According to Cassie function, about 94.11% of the contact proportion is between water and air cushion. This research studied the effect of different etching time and analyzed the formation mechanism of these nano-structures. The best fabrication conditions were: 5 min of etching time and 1h of immersion time, which made the surface to have a  WCA of 164.5°.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Preparation and Performance of Cold Storage Phase Change Material for High Temperature Cooling Application WANG Xiaolin,ZHAI Xiaoqiang,WANG Tian,XI Lixia 2013, 47 (08):  1275-1281.  Abstract ( 907 )   Save A cold storage phase change material was prepared for high temperature cooling application. Its thermophysical properties and charging/discharging performance were investigated. The eutectic point and the influence of mole fraction of different additives on phase change characteristics of the capriclauric system were tested. The mathematical model of a package ball was built, through which the variation of temperature, storage capacity and storage rate were analyzed. Experiments were conducted  to study the charging/discharging performance of the package ball. The results show that the capric-lauric acid combination (mole proportion is 70∶30) adding oleic (mole fraction is 0.08) is considered to be well suited to high temperature cooling application with a phase change temperature of 15 ℃ and a latent heat of 114.1 kJ/kg. The charging and discharging processes are stable with a storage capacity of 17.67 kJ for each ball.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Design and Construction of a Cryogenic Distillation System of Liquid Xenon for Dark Matter Detector WANG Zhou,ZHANG Hua,JU Yonglin 2013, 47 (08):  1282-1286.  Abstract ( 848 )   Save To reduce the radio krypton-85 concentration in liquid xenon, which is one of the commendable detecting media for dark matter detection, an efficient cryogenic distillation system to remove the krypton from the commercially available xenon was specifically designed, developed and constructed by using the McCabe-Thiele (M-T) method, mass conservation and energy conservation. The core of the distillation system is the packing tower which is 4 m high and 80 mm in diameter where a kind of efficient new structured packing PACK-13C was used. This distillation system can reduce the krypton in the xenon from 10-9 to 10-12 with 99% of Xe collection efficiency (i.e., the amount of Xe rejected is only 1%) at a maximum flow rate of 5 kg/h (15SLPM), which is crucial for the dark matter detector with a high-sensitivity and lowbackground.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Fast Inversion of Sound Speed Profile Based on Perturbation Method ZHANG Wei,YANG Shie,HUANG Yiwang,SONG Yang 2013, 47 (08):  1286-1291.  Abstract ( 655 )   Save The conventional sound speed profile (SSP) inversion algorithms based on sound transmission time influence the inversion speed because they have to trace the eigen-ray of every SSP. The actual transmission time was expressed as the sum of that for referenced SSP and perturbation terms, and SSP inversion was changed from non-linear optimization to the solution of linear equations by the perturbation method. The experimental inversion results indicate that although the root mean square (RMS) error is doubled in comparison with that obtained by conventional algorithms, the calculating time can be reduced from 10 hours to 3 seconds by the perturbation method and therefore satisfies realtime monitoring of SSP.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer of Liquid Nitrogen Through Heated U-Tubes DENG Dong，WANG Rongshun 2013, 47 (08):  1292-1299.  Abstract ( 733 )   Save A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the heat transfer characteristics of single-phase liquid nitrogen flowing through heated vertical U-tube was conducted. The structured grid was used and the mesh near the wall was refined. Besides, the grid independence and model availability was verified. The velocity inlet, pressure export and uniform wall heat flux were used as boundary conditions. In addition, the standard k-ε turbulence model was adopted and solved by CFX 4.4. It is found that the fluid temperature is lower in the center and higher near the wall in the U-bend upstream pipe, while the fluid temperature is reconstructed by the secondary flow in the U bend: the cold core is flowing to the concave surface, and the high temperature fluid is close to the convex surface; and in the downstream of the pipe, the temperature distribution is restored. The impact of curvature ratio on the downstream Nu number is significant and the affected area can be measured by the minimum Nu value. There is a curvature ratio which makes the percentage of the downstream to the upstream Nu to be the minimum. Finally, the comparison of simulation results and the correlation was conducted.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Parameter Optimization of a Sound Absorption Layer Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm TAO Meng1,2，WANG Guangwei1 2013, 47 (08):  1300-1305.  Abstract ( 689 )   Save Since the sound absorption mechanism of cylindrical-hole layer at low-frequency and at high-frequency are different, an optimization and design method for the sound absorption layer based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm was developed. First, the calculation procedure of the plane wave normally impinging on the sound absorption layer was modeled by using the ANSYS software. Next, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was adopted to solve this optimization problem and get the Pareto optimization. The results indicate that the coupled relationship between the low-frequency and the high-frequency can be both considered during the multi-objective optimization process, and designers can choose the satisfactory optimization results according to their demands. Besides, compared to the optimization of the material properties only, the simultaneous optimization of material properties and structural parameters may result in a higher sound absorption coefficient in a wider frequency range.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical Analysis of a Water Turbine for Underwater Vehicles TIAN Wenlong,SONG Baowei,MAO Zhaoyong 2013, 47 (08):  1306-1311.  Abstract ( 867 )   Save In this paper, a vertical axis water turbine (VAWT) was developed to supply energy for underwater vehicles. 2-D transient numerical studies were conducted to determine the operating performance and power output of the turbine. A RNG k-ε turbulence model was used to perform the transient simulations. For both the four-bladed turbine and three-bladed turbine, the influence of blade pitch angle on the turbine performance was investigated over a range of rotor rotation velocity ω. It was found that the three-bladed turbine showed a larger power output than the four-bladed turbine. For a three-bladed turbine, a maximum averaged power of 29.33 W was generated when v=1 m/s, θ=120° and ω=0.3 rad/s. Contours of the velocity field of a three-bladed turbine under an inflow velocity of 1 m/s were also analyzed, providing helpful reference for the future design of turbines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Others

Select

Feedback Stabilization of a Two-axis Gimbal System via Convex Optimization ZHAN Shitao1,YAN Weixin1,FU Zhuang1,2,PAN Gen1,YU Jinjiang3,ZHAO Yanzheng1 2013, 47 (08):  1312-1318.  Abstract ( 774 )   Save This paper discussed the optimal feedback stabilization problem of a yaw-pitch gimbaled system with structure uncertainties, actuator saturation and disturbance torques in its control channels. The influence modes of platform angular motion, kinematics & geometrical coupling and unbalance moments on system dynamics were analyzed from the perspective of gimbal dynamics. Optimal feedback controllers were synthesized by means of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) and convex optimization to prevent the system from the instability caused by disturbance torques and actuator saturation. Simulation results prove the robustness of the derived optimal feedback controllers against system uncertainties, actuator saturation and disturbance torques.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Experimental Analysis of Surface Pressure Distribution of Piston Pin Hole HU Yuping1,WANG Enhao1,WANG Renxin2,GONG Tingting1 2013, 47 (08):  1318-1323.  Abstract ( 823 )   Save Aimed at the problem of easy failure of piston pin hole, a novel method to analyze the surface pressure distribution of piston pin hole was established, in which an experiment was designed to measure the pressure data using pressure indicating film. The training set and test set was used to fit and evaluate the data. A case study of the surface pressure distribution of   a piston pin hole was excogitated by training analysis of the collected data, which indicated that the surface pressure distribution could be better expressed. The surface pressure distribution of piston pin hole provides theoretical reference for the design, optimization and FEA of piston pin hole.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Application of Interactive Map Matching Algorithm in SINS/Odometer Integrated Navigation XU Jianguo,ZHANG Zhili,ZHOU Zhaofa 2013, 47 (08):  1323-1328.  Abstract ( 819 )   Save In order to improve the influence of initial alignment error and the bias of measuring devices, the navigation accuracy was reduced with the increase of time and displacement on SINS/odometer integrated navigation, and the scheme for interactive electronic map matching algorithm modification was proposed. The right map matching algorithm was selected by changing the  attitude angle of the vehicle, and  accurately modifying the coordinate of the vehicle in turning. Besides, the initial alignment error and odometer coefficient error were modified by the position error at the same time to reduce subsequent navigation error. The simulation result shows that  the azimuth misalignment angle error can be convergented to two minute and the odometer coefficient error can be reduced to 0.08% quickly by the interactive map matching algorithm, which can satisfy the demand of navigation system. The vehicle driving experiment also shows that the proposed method is valid.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Estimation Method for Surface Subsidence Induced by Dewatering under the Constraint of Lateral Friction YUAN Hua1，ZHANG Qinghe2，ZHANG Jianwei1 2013, 47 (08):  1328-1334.  Abstract ( 866 )   Save Based on the shear displacement method used in the negative skin friction calculation of pile, this paper analyzed the constraint mechanism of lateral friction located in soil-waterproof curtain interface towards soil settlement as well as its horizontal transfer law in soil during engineering dewatering. Then, the constraint displacement was deduced. Finally, a novel calculation method for soil subsidence estimation induced by dewatering consideration the effect of lateral friction was put forward. The research results show that the constraint function of lateral friction to soil settlement is mainly limited in the range of 18 m away from the waterproof curtain; the position where the constraint effect of lateral friction became most significant was at the interface of soil and waterproof curtain. The novel estimation method proposed taking the lateral friction into account can well predict the space distribution of soil subsidence induced by dewatering.   References | Related Articles | Metrics