Guide for Authors

• For any illustrations (photographs, curves, structural drawings, schematic diagrams, etc.) directly reproduced or excerpted from other published references, written permission from the original copyright holder must be obtained in advance. The permission receipt (RightsLink authorization page, confirmation email from the publisher, etc.) shall be uploaded upon submission for the editorial office’s record. Merely listing the reference in the bibliography does not constitute copyright permission for using the illustration.

  Standard formats for figure captions:

  • Exact reproduction of the original figure: Fig. × ×××. Reproduced from Ref. [×], Copyright © Year, ×× Journal/Publisher, with permission.
  • Modified or redrawn based on the original figure: Fig. × ×××. Adapted from Ref. [×], Copyright © Year, ×× Journal/Publisher, with permission.
  • Redrawn from raw data in the reference without reusing the original figure: Fig. × ×××. Plotted based on data from Ref. [×].
  • Images under CC open licenses: Fig. × ×××. Reproduced from Ref. [×], licensed under CC BY 4.0.

  Note: Images licensed under CC BY?NC (NonCommercial) shall not be used directly for journal publication.

  If authors reuse their own figures previously published in other journals or books, copyright permission must also be requested from the original publisher, and the figures shall be marked following the formats above.

  Figures that do not qualify for fair use will not be accepted for publication without valid permission.

  All cited original references shall be fully included in the reference list.

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