Key Technologies and Applications of Shared Energy Storage

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.360

Abstract

Abstract:

Under the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the penetration rate of renewable energy continues to rise, whose volatility, intermittency, and uncertainty pose significant challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power system. As a typical application of the sharing economy in the field of energy storage, shared energy storage (SES) can maximize the utilization of resources by separating the “ownership” and “usage” of energy storage resources, which provides a new solution to the problem of imbalance between supply and demand caused by the large-scale integration of renewable energy into the grid, and has broad development prospects. The business model of SES is explored based on value positioning, cost modeling, and profitability strategies, and a detailed summary of SES trading varieties, operational structure, and engineering applications is discussed. Finally, the future trend of shared energy storage is discussed and envisioned.

Key words: renewable energy, sharing economy, shared energy storage (SES), power system

CLC Number:

TM732

SONG Meng, LIN Gujing, MENG Jing, GAO Ciwei, CHEN Tao, XIA Shiwei, BAN Mingfei. Key Technologies and Applications of Shared Energy Storage[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2024, 58(5): 585-599.

Figures/Tables 11

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Tab.5

Demonstration projects of SES engineering

项目名称	国家	公司	时间	规模	类型	特色
EconamicGrid^[52]	德国	SENEC.IES	2009年	超过6000个储能系统	负荷侧分布式光伏+储能	帮助2000个参与项目的用户获取“免费电力”
青海共享储能^[53]	中国	国家电网公司	2019年	2座储能电站,总容量为82 MW/164 MW·h	电源侧/电网侧新能源+储能	中国首个共享储能调峰辅助服务市场
Barásoain’s pilot project^[54]	西班牙	Acciona energia	2018年	1个1 MW/0.39 MW·h的快速反应电池,1个自主性更强的慢速反应电池	电源侧风电厂+储能	采用独特的“Store-Chain”技术,使可再生资源在发电高峰期能被完全消纳
The Alkimos Beach Trial^[55]	澳大利亚	Synergy	2016年	1.1 MW·h规模的锂离子储能装置	社区共享储能	澳大利亚第一个大规模社区电池储能
Epplas^[56]	德国	Engie	2015年	16户居民,总容量为287 kW的光伏组件和1个容量为330 kW·h的电池储能系统	社区共享储能	项目用以缓冲该小村庄的尖峰负荷以及各类测试
Living Lab Walldorf^[57]	德国	MVV Energie	2015年	40个家庭和企业组成,储能容量为100 kW·h	社区共享储能	整合了发电机组、光伏系统和热电联产机组
Smart Community Speyer^[58]	德国	Stadtwerke Speyer,Japanese New Energy,Industrial Technology Development Organization	2016年	16个用户,1个储能系统,1个热泵	社区共享储能	设置了两组情况相同的建筑作为参照条件,测试共享储能带来的收益
Strombank^[59]	德国	MVV Energy	2015年	1栋公寓住户,1个230 kW·h的储能系统	社区共享储能	用于公寓用户对电能的错峰储存和使用
White Gum Valley^[60]	澳大利亚	Power Ledger	2017年	1个strata company(与各家庭签订输电协定),多个用户及其自身光伏储能系统	社区共享储能	通过strata company来统一规范管理用户储能和光伏系统的使用权
Quartierspeicher Weinsberg^[61]	德国	Kaco new energy	2013年	6栋独户住宅、1栋连体公寓、10栋联排住宅、1栋5户连体公寓	社区共享储能	共享储能系统与当地的供暖网络、联合热电厂和热泵连接在一起
ComEd’s Community Energy Storage (CES)^[62]	美国	Commonwealth Edison Company	2017年	25 kW·h的锂离子电池储能系统	社区共享储能	该项目主要用于紧急情况下提供电力保障
Affordable Student Housing^[63]	澳大利亚	Stucco	2015年	1栋多单元住宅,安装有太阳能电池板和电池网络	社区共享储能	该项目为澳大利亚第一个实现太阳能电池板和电池网络的能源共享型多单元住宅,实现用户80%的电能自给率

Tab.5

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类型		交易品种	应用场景	优点	缺点	参考文献
固定电价		单位功率/容量、流量、定制套餐	适用于对价格敏感度不大但用户需求和偏好明显的场景	价格固定,与时间、供需关系等无关,消除了用户间的竞争	价格制定困难,定价过高会降低用户购买积极性、过低会延迟储能投资回收	[16,19]
分时电价		功率	适用于明显价格套利和增加光伏渗透率的场景	有利于刺激和鼓励用户购买共享储能服务进行移峰填谷和价格套利,优化用电方式	应用场景有限	[12,22]
拍卖机制		功率、容量	适用于买/卖参与方数量多、投标偏好复杂的场景	价格能够很好反映供需关系和用户偏好,并使社会福利最大化	参与方过多、组合机制复杂的情况下会使求解非常困难	[23⇓-25]
主从博弈		功率、容量	适用于共享储能运营商、多用户处于竞争环境中且存在相互冲突的利益诉求的场景	可以权衡多方利益诉求,重视个体理性	可能导致博弈均衡偏离社会福利最优点	[14,26]
合作博弈	夏普利值	功率(主要针对成本、效益进行分配)	适用于多主体共同投资共享储能的场景,例如社区储能、具有合作关系的云储能等	按边际贡献分配,体现公平性	计算复杂度大,可能导致联盟不稳定	[27-28]
	核仁			按平均主义下的联盟剩余进行分配,体现稳定性	计算复杂度随联盟成员数量的增加而递增	[29]
	纳什谈判			通过谈判达成共识,体现效率性	谈判破裂场景数据获取困难	[30⇓-32]

交易品种	实体资源分配	优点	缺点		应用场景
功率使用权	充电/放电功率+对应的容量和初始能量	各时段储能充放电功率固定,便于安排控制策略和发电计划	灵活性差	适用于未安装可再生能源装置或柔性负荷较少的用户,在已知电网峰谷电价的情况下,实现峰谷套利
容量使用权	容量+对应的充电/放电功率和初始能量	各时段储能容量固定,充放电功率可灵活调整	各时段储能充放电功率不固定,不确定性大	适用于存在储能独立操作需求的用户,如安装屋顶光伏等可再生能源或有较多柔性可调负荷的用户,通过为电网提供辅助服务等来提高收益

类型	实体拥有者	地理位置	储能	基本理论
私有储能共享结构	终端用户	社区、配电网	要求	共享经济
可交易能源	终端用户、配电系统运营商、微网/聚合商	社区、配电网、输电网	不强制	共享经济

结构	模式	实体拥有者	交易品种	第三方运营商	优缺点	应用场景
私有储能共享结构	电力共享模式	独立用户	能量	无	利用储能空闲能量进行交易,实现隐私保护;但仅限能量交易,储能设备利用率提高有限,且要求每个用户都配备储能设施	适用于用户数量较少且用户均配置了储能的能源交易场景
私有储能共享结构	资源再分配模式(特斯拉)	独立用户	容量使用权(包括初始能量)	虚拟聚合器	用户可自行调整可供共享的功率及容量,从而提高储能设备利用率;但仍要求每个用户都配备储能设施,且效益分配具有一定难度	适用于用户数量较多且用户均配置了储能的容量共享场景
公共储能共享结构	社区储能模式	所有用户集资投建并共享	功率使用权+ 容量使用权	均可	用户无需自行配备储能设施,但需出资投建公共储能设备,成本、效益分配具有一定难度	适用于邻近范围内的社区、楼宇
公共储能共享结构	云储能模式	共享储能运营商集资投建	功率使用权+ 容量使用权	有	用户无需自行配备或投资建设储能设施,可按需购买储能服务;共享储能运营商可利用规模经济、需求互补性等盈利,但在储能规模的配置上难度较大	不仅适用于邻近范围内的社区、楼宇,也适用于广域范围上的用户、微网、配网系统运营商