Abstract: Many single-cell organisms function with extraordinary efficiency and accuracy. For example, a macrophage can track a bacterial dynamically in real time, which indicates that such single-cell organism has extraordinary advanced sensors and actuators. It remains unknown for human beings how such delicate single-cell organisms operate. Understanding this fundamental scientific hurdle is of great value to many fields, such as bio-mimic robotics, control theory, protein networking, drug development, cell aging, etc.

Key words: single-cell organism; biomedical engineering; bio-mimic robotics; complex system; control theory