Cost Sharing Mechanisms of Pumped Storage Stations in the New-Type Power System: Review and Prospect

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2021.516

Abstract

Abstract:

Driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the power system is transforming to the new structure which is dominated by renewable energy and is facing a new supply-demand balance situation. Pumped storage, as the most mature energy storage technology at present, can provide flexible resources with different time scales to ensure the safety of the power system and promote the consumption of renewable energy. However, the operation strategy and cost sharing mechanism of the pumped storage station (PSS) are not clear, which hinders its further development under the new situation. In this context, the technical characteristics and functions of PSS are sorted out first. Then, the investment cost model is established from the perspective of the whole life cycle. After that, the evolution path of pricing mechanism and cost sharing mode are described in view of the different stages of electricity market development, providing a feasible scheme for the marketization of PSS. Finally, the future development of PSS is summarized and prospected.

Key words: pumped storage stations, cost sharing mechanism, electricity market, flexible resources

CLC Number:

TM612

LIU Fei, CHE Yanying, TIAN Xu, XU Decao, ZHOU Huijie, LI Zhiyi. Cost Sharing Mechanisms of Pumped Storage Stations in the New-Type Power System: Review and Prospect[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2023, 57(7): 757-768.

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储能技术	放电时间	响应速度	成本	服役年限	配置规模/MW	转化效率/%	安全性
抽蓄	4~20 h	秒级	低	>50 a	100~5 000	75~80	高
锂离子电池	0.5~8 h	百毫秒级	高	3 000~15 000次	<100	90~95	高
铅酸电池	1 min~3 h	百毫秒级	较低	500~1 200次	<100	75	差
液流电池	1~20 h	百毫秒级	较高	10 000~15 000次	<100	75~85	较高

功能定位	技术特点	固有优势	对应成本	产生效益
调峰	既可以作为电源进行发电,也可以作为负荷吸收新能源的过剩出力,灵活地调节峰谷差	启停技术成本低;抽发灵活	电量成本	吸收新能源的过剩出力
调频	及时跟踪负荷变化,保持电力系统的频率稳定	调节速度快;负荷跟踪能力强	容量成本	减少了火电机组燃煤的消耗
调压	通过调相运行发出或者吸收无功功率,调整系统的电压处于安全的范围	持续时间长;进相深	容量成本	减少电网无功补偿设备的投入
事故备用	在其他机组发生故障时,通过快速投入,防止电网断电造成事故的恶化	调节容量大,投入快速	容量成本	保障正常用电
黑启动	电力系统全部停电时,通过自启动带动其他机组逐渐恢复运行	启动迅速方便,耗费能量小;负荷增长速度快	容量成本	减少停电时间和停电带来的损失

价格形成机制	核算方式	优势	劣势	适用场景	应用国家
不核算价格	“成本+收益”的方式,直接内部进行结算,不单独进行核算	效益与电网捆绑;收入稳定	难以反映电站的价格信号和实际价值	租赁制或电网独资	日本、法国、中国
两部制电价	电量电价弥补抽水发电的损失;容量电价体现辅助服务效益,由政府核定	电量和容量价值分别体现,保障抽蓄电站的基本收益	缺少市场化竞价,抽蓄电站的收益低	电力市场不成熟	中国
固定收入+ 变动竞价	年度固定收入基于对辅助服务和提供电量平衡服务的两部分补偿,变动竞价收入由电力平衡市场交易获得	充分发挥抽蓄电站的灵活调节能力和容量价值,提高了电站参与市场的积极性	需要较为完善的市场条件和市场激励机制	电力市场基本健全	英国
完全市场化	价格完全由市场竞争决定	以价格信号反映价值,有效分摊成本,免于核算	电站的收益没有保障,波动风险性较大,对电力市场环境的要求高	电力市场发展成熟	英国、美国、德国、瑞士

类别	无抽蓄参与时全年弃电量/ (GW·h)	有抽蓄参与时全年弃电量/ (GW·h)	有无抽蓄弃电量差值/ (GW·h)	分摊系数
风电	6 682.5	6 233.7	448.8	0.12
光伏	18 828.3	15 484.4	3 343.9	0.88

k/%	新能源疏导的容量电费×10^-8/元	光伏分摊的容量电费×10^-8/元	风电分摊的容量电费×10^-8/元	分摊费用占新能源增发电量收入比例/%	输配电价涨幅/ [元·(kW·h)^-1]
10	1.52	1.34	0.18	12.3	0.007 4
20	3.05	2.68	0.37	25.3	0.006 6
50	7.62	6.71	0.91	62.3	0.004 1
60	9.14	8.04	1.10	75.3	0.003 3