交能融合V2G技术研究与实践综述

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2023.287

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国能源转型持续深化,电气化交通发展迅速,现有交通制式将难以满足可再生能源高消纳需求,同时电网能源供给将难以承担负荷冲击压力.实现能源与交通融合发展成为当前新命题,车网互动(V2G)技术成为研究热点.首先,分析国内外V2G应用现状.其次,针对V2G技术的重要应用领域,梳理轨道交通V2G和新能源电动汽车V2G的研究实践现状,介绍了基于个人快速交通(PRT)系统的新型V2G模式,并将3种V2G模式进行关联和对比.最后,提出在“交能融合”理念下围绕V2G构建能源互联网的展望和研究重点.

关键词: 电气化交通, 车网互动, 个人快速交通, 交能融合, 能源互联网

Abstract:

Energy transformation in China is accelerating, with electrified transportation rapidly developing. However, the existing transportation system may struggle to meet the growing demand for renewable energy consumption, and the energy supply from the power grid could face challenges under increased load pressure. As a result, the integrated development of energy and transportation has become a pressing issue, with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology emerging as an area of research. This paper first examines the current status of V2G application both domestically and internationally. Then, it focuses on important V2G applications, reviewing the research and practical implementations of V2G in rail transit and new energy electric vehicles. It also introduces a novel V2G mode based on the personal rapid transit (PRT) system and compares the three V2G modes. Finally, it explores the potential of building an energy internet around V2G within the framework of “fusion of transportation and energy” and identifies future research directions.

Key words: electrified transportation, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), personal rapid transit (PRT), fusion of transportation and energy, energy Internet

中图分类号:

TM734
U221

刘栋晨, 季昱, 胡岳. 交能融合V2G技术研究与实践综述[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2025, 59(1): 1-15.

LIU Dongchen, JI Yu, HU Yue. Summary of Research and Practice on V2G Technology of Transportation and Energy Fusion[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2025, 59(1): 1-15.

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表1

3种V2G模式关键区别

模式	车网能量交互方式	电力需求响应灵活度	储能容量	可再生能源消纳水平	应用规模与实施场景
轨道交通V2G	主要依靠再生制动,利用电机和能量回馈装置将一部分动能或势能转化为电能,再回馈至牵引网以实现车网能量交互	作为大型公共交通系统,能源需求通常按照固定时段和路线进行规划管理,需要持续供电以确保运营,不能随意中断或调整电力需求,电力需求响应灵活度较低	典型的电车和有轨电车通常具有较大的储能容量(50~300 kW·h),在运营过程中会定期充电,以确保能够满足行程的电力需求	具备大的储能容量,可以在尖峰时段提供额外的电能供应;且具有固定线路和停靠站点,系统能与可再生能源发电站直接相连,降低能源损耗,消纳水平较高	主要涉及特定区域内大型公共交通系统(如电车和地铁)与电网的能源互联,涉及发输变配电等环节,需要大量电力支撑和能量交互,V2G规模较大
新能源电动汽车V2G	利用电动汽车的源特性和负载特性,将其电池视作并网储能系统,通过双向或单向潮流实现车网互联	车辆电池容量可支撑短期电力需求.通过V2G,车辆可以相对快速地进行充放电,以支持电网的短时需求峰值,实现电力需求响应,灵活度较高	车辆通常配备适当容量(54~60A·h)的电池储能系统,既能为短期电力需求提供支持,也能应急特定场景下的电网能量需求	电池容量较小,消纳可再生能源的能力较弱.需要通过适当的管理和调度策略,优化电池储能能力来提高消纳水平	在个人和商用、工业领域广泛使用,可跨城市跨地域,支持联网充放电,电力需求高,是当前主流V2G形式,应用规模大
基于 PRT的 V2G	通过供电轨道与总电网连成分布式微能源互联网,利用PRT车载电池以虚拟储能电站的形式提供需求侧响应支撑	面向特定区域内个人用户的短途出行,电力需求波动较小.车辆搭载电池储能系统,能源储备分布可控,可以更快速地响应电力需求管理,能量需求响应灵活度高	PRT车辆为轻量级交通工具,单个车体通常具有较小的电池容量,限制了它们在V2G中可以存储或释放的电能,需通过增加车辆数量进行弥补	车辆电池容量小,但由于能源储备分布可控,车辆间或车辆与站台间可以协调能量使用,平衡可再生能源的波动性,消纳水平较普通电动汽车高	在城市内部特定区域内依靠特定数量的车辆运行,相比其他两种形式V2G应用规模小,可以更紧密地集成到城市的能源管理系统中

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