综述：微通道换热器的防冻技术

doi:10.1007/s12204-022-2539-x

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 结霜是工业制冷、低温制冷、热泵空调等诸多领域不可避免的不良现象，其影响设备效率，增加系统能耗。微通道换热器复杂的百叶翅片结构和流体通道布置会影响其换热性能和结霜特性。首先，本文分析了不同的因素，如制冷剂分布、制冷剂流型和换热器表面温度分布。进一步，结合微通道换热器的特点，总结了现有的防霜技术和各种防霜表面处理方法。综述了超疏水表面的制备及其优越的性能。并结合本课题组的相关研究，分析其内在机制。超疏水特性具有优良的防霜性能和传热性能，对提高节能和系统性能具有重要意义。最后，对超疏水表面技术的发展前景进行了分析和展望。

关键词: 防冻技术, 微通道热交换器, 超疏水表面

Abstract: Frosting is an inevitable adverse phenomenon in many fields such as industrial refrigeration, cryogenics, and heat pump air conditioning, which may influence the efficiency of the equipment and increase the energy consumption of the system. The complicated louvered-fin structure and fluid-channels arrangements of the microchannel heat exchanger (HEX) will affect the heat transfer performance and frosting characteristics. First, this article analyzes different factors such as refrigerant distribution, refrigerant flow pattern, and HEX surface temperature distribution. Further, combined with the features of the microchannel HEX, the existing anti-frosting technologies and various methods of surface treatment for anti-frosting are summarized. The review focuses on the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces and their superior properties. Furthermore, the internal mechanism is analyzed in conjunction with the relevant research of our group. Superhydrophobic character has excellent anti-frosting performance and heat transfer performance, which is of great significance for improving energy-saving and system performance. Finally, the future development of superhydrophobic surface technology is analyzed and prospected.

中图分类号:

叶振鸿1, 王炜2, 李新华2, 陈江平1. 综述：微通道换热器的防冻技术[J]. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ Sci, 2024, 29(2): 161-178.

YE Zhenhong(叶振鸿), WANG Wei(王炜), LI Xinhua(李新华), CHEN Jiangping(陈江平). Review on Anti-Frost Technology Based on Microchannel Heat Exchanger[J]. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ Sci, 2024, 29(2): 161-178.

参考文献

[1] RAFATI NASR M, FAUCHOUX M, BESANT R W, et al. A review of frosting in air-to-air energy exchangers[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 30: 538-554.
[2] BEATTIE C, FAZIO P, ZMEUREANU R, et al. Experimental study of air-to-air heat exchangers for use in Arctic housing [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 129: 1281-1291.
[3] KONDEPUDI S, O’NEAL D. The effects of frost formation on the thermal performance of finned tube heat exchangers [C]//24th Thermophysics Conference. Buffalo: AIAA, 1989: 1741.
[4] PATIL M S, SEO J H, LEE M Y. Heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchangers for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems under frosting, defrosting and dry/wet conditions — A review [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 113: 1071-1087.
[5] STOECKER W F. How frost formation on coils affects refrigeration systems [J]. Refrigerating Engineering, 1957, 65(2): 42-46.
[6] GATCHILOV T S, IVANOVA V S. Characteristics of the frost formed on the surface of finned air coolers [C]//XVth International Congress of Refrigeration. Venice: IIR, 1979: 997-1003.
[7] HOSODA T. Effects of frost on the heat transfer coefficient [J]. Hitachi Hyoron, 1967, 49(6): 647-651.
[8] NIELSEN K K, ENGELBRECHT K, CHRISTENSEN D V, et al. Degradation of the performance of microchannel heat exchangers due to flow maldistribution [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2012, 40: 236-247.
[9] KULKARNI T, BULLARD C W, CHO K. Header design tradeoffs in microchannel evaporators [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2004, 24(5/6): 759-776.
[10] TUO H F, HRNJAK P. Effect of the header pressure drop induced flow maldistribution on the microchannel evaporator performance [J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2013, 36(8): 2176-2186.
[11] TUO H. Flash gas bypass-a way to improve distribution of adiabatic two-phase refrigerant flow in headers of microchannel evaporators [D]. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013.
[12] WU J H, OUYANG G, HOU P X, et al. Experimental investigation of frost formation on a parallel flow evaporator [J]. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(5): 1549-1556.
[13] MOALLEM E, HONG T, CREMASCHI L, et al. Experimental investigation of adverse effect of frost formation on microchannel evaporators, part 1: Effect of fin geometry and environmental effects [J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2013, 36(6): 1762-1775.
[14] XU B, HAN Q, CHEN J P, et al. Experimental investigation of frost and defrost performance of microchannel heat exchangers for heat pump systems [J]. Applied Energy, 2013, 103: 180-188.
[15] ZHANG P, HRNJAK P S. Effect of some geometric parameters on performance of PF2 heat exchangers in periodic frosting [J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(2): 334-346.
[16] PARK J S, KIM D R, LEE K S. Frosting behaviors and thermal performance of louvered fins with unequal louver pitch [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 95: 499-505.
[17] CHENG C H, CHENG Y C. Predictions of frost growth on a cold plate in atmospheric air [J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2001, 28(7): 953-962.
[18] KANDULA M. Frost growth and densification on a flat surface in laminar flow with variable humidity [J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 39(8): 1030-1034.
[19] LUO C, HUANG X H, CHEN J P. Effect of different parameters on frosting of evaporator in frost-free refrigerator [J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2008, 29(1):17-22 (in Chinese).
[20] ZHANG L, FUJINAWA T, SAIKAWA M. A new method for preventing air-source heat pump water heaters from frosting [J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2012, 35(5): 1327-1334.
[21] SWANSON M, LIBBRECHT K G. Crystals grow quicker in E-fields [J]. Caltech Undergraduate Research Journal, 2001, 1: 48-53.
[22] TUDOR V, OHADI M M, FRANC? A F H R. An experimental investigation on frost control using DC and AC electric fields on a horizontal, downward-facing plate [J]. HVAC & R Research, 2003, 9(2): 203-213.
[23] ADACHI K, SAIKI K, SATO H. Suppression of frosting on a metal surface using ultrasonic vibrations [C]//1998 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Sendai:IEEE, 1998: 759-762.
[24] ADACHI K, SAIKI K, SATO H, et al. Ultrasonic frost suppression [J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2003, 42(2R): 682-685.
[25] WANG D Y, TAO T F, XU G H, et al. Experimental study on frosting suppression for a finned-tube evaporator using ultrasonic vibration [J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2012, 36: 1-11.
[26] HIGHGATE D, KNIGHT C, PROBERT S D. Anomalous ‘Freezing’ of water in hydrophilic polymeric structures [J]. Applied Energy, 1989, 34(4): 243-259.
[27] OKOROAFOR E U, NEWBOROUGH M. Minimising frost growth on cold surfaces exposed to humid air by means of crosslinked hydrophilic polymeric coatings [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2000, 20(8): 737-758.
[28] LIU Z L, WANG H Y, ZHANG X H, et al. An experimental study on minimizing frost deposition on a cold surface under natural convection conditions by use of a novel anti-frosting paint. Part I. Anti-frosting performance and comparison with the uncoated metallic surface [J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2006, 29(2): 229-236.
[29] LIU Z L, HUANG L Y, GOU Y J, et al. Experimental investigations of frost release by hydrophilic surfaces [J]. Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China, 2010, 4(4): 475-487.
[30] KIM K, LEE K S. Effects of surface treatment on frost formation and defrosting [C]//ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. Honolulu: ASME, 2011: T10253.
[31] HAQUE M R, DAS S R, BETZ A R. Experimental investigation of condensation and freezing phenomena on hydrophilic and hydrophobic graphene coating [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 160: 113987.
[32] LI K, XU S, SHI W, et al. Investigating the effects of solid surfaces on ice nucleation [J]. Langmuir, 2012, 28(29): 10749-10754.
[33] VAN DYKE A S, COLLARD D, DERBY M M, et al. Droplet coalescence and freezing on hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and biphilic surfaces [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 107(14): 141602.
[34] KIM D, KIM H, KIM S W, et al. Experimental investigation of frost retardation for superhydrophobic surface using a luminance meter [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2015, 87: 491-496.
[35] YU Z J, ZHOU Y Y, WANG S. Fabrication of superhydrophobic surface on aluminium substrate and a study of surface frosting behaviours [J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 634(1): 012016.
[36] ZHOU Y Y, YU Z J. The defrosting behavior of the super-hydrophobic aluminum surfaces [J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 2012, 26(6): 929-933 (in Chinese).
[37] ZUO Z P, LIAO R J, ZHAO X T, et al. Anti-frosting performance of superhydrophobic surface with Znonanorods [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 110: 39-48.
[38] WEI C Q, JIN B Y, ZHANG Q H, et al. Antiicing performance of super-wetting surfaces from icingresistance to ice-phobic aspects: Robust hydrophobic or slippery surfaces [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 765: 721-730.
[39] BOREYKO J B, COLLIER C P. Delayed frost growth on jumping-drop superhydrophobic surfaces [J]. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(2): 1618-1627.
[40] WANG F, LIANG C H, ZHANG X S. Research of anti-frosting technology in refrigeration and air conditioning fields: A review [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 707-722.
[41] LEE W J, BAE K J, KWON O K. Effect of hydrophobic surfaces on frost retardation in fin-tube heat exchangers with various fin pitches [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 176: 115424.
[42] CHANG C C, LIN Z M, CHENG L P. Preparation of superhydrophilic nanosilica/polyacrylate hard coatings on plastic substrate for antifogging and frostresistant applications [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2019, 136(43): 48144.
[43] LIU X L, CHEN H W, ZHAO Z H, et al. Tunable self-jumping of melting frost on macro-patterned anisotropic superhydrophobic surfaces [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2021, 409: 126858.
[44] WANG F, LIANG C H, YANG W B, et al. Effects of frost thickness on dynamic defrosting on vertical hydrophobic and superhydrophobic fin surfaces [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2020, 223: 110134.
[45] JIA L, SUN J, LI X X, et al. Preparation and antifrost performance of PDMS-SiO2/SS superhydrophobic coating [J]. Coatings, 2020, 10(11): 1051.
[46] KIM K, LEE K S. Frosting and defrosting characteristics of a fin according to surface contact angle [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2011, 54(13/14): 2758-2764.
[47] YE Z H, SHI J Y, CHEN J P. Frosting behavior of louvered-fin and tube heat exchanger after surface treatment: Experimental analysis [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 194: 117066.
[48] HINDMARSH J P, RUSSELL A B, CHEN X D. Experimental and numerical analysis of the temperature transition of a suspended freezing water droplet [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003, 46(7): 1199-1213.
[49] ARIANPOUR F, FARZANEH M, KULINICH S A. Hydrophobic and ice-retarding properties of doped silicone rubber coatings [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2013, 265: 546-552.
[50] OBERLI L, CARUSO D, HALL C, et al. Condensation and freezing of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces [J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2014, 210: 47-57.
[51] ESMAEILIRAD A, RUKOSUYEV M V, JUN M B G, et al. A cost-effective method to create physically and thermally stable and storable super-hydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2016, 285: 227-234.
[52] HAO Q Y, PANG Y C, ZHAO Y, et al. Mechanism of delayed frost growth on superhydrophobic surfaces with jumping condensates: More than interdrop freezing [J]. Langmuir, 2014, 30(51): 15416-15422.
[53] LI L, BREEDVELD V, HESS D W. Creation of superhydrophobic stainless steel surfaces by acid treatments and hydrophobic film deposition [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2012, 4(9): 4549-4556.
[54] JIN H Y, NIE S C, LI Z W, et al. Investigation on preparation and anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surface on aluminum conductor [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, 2018, 31(2): 216-222.
[55] YU Z J, YU Y F, LI Y F, et al. Preparation and characterization of super-hydrophobic surfaces on aluminum and stainless steel substrates [J]. Surface Review and Letters, 2010, 17(3): 375-381.
[56] WEI Z B, JIANG D Y, CHEN J, et al. Combination of chemical etching and electrophoretic deposition for the fabrication of multi-scale superhydrophobic Al films [J]. Materials Letters, 2017, 196: 115-118.
[57] QI Y, CUI Z, LIANG B, et al. A fast method to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces on zinc substrate withion assisted chemical etching [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 305: 716-724.
[58] CHOI D, YOO J, PARK S M, et al. Facile and costeffective fabrication of patternable superhydrophobic surfaces via salt dissolution assisted etching [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 393: 449-456.
[59] WANG H, TANG L M, WU X M, et al. Fabrication and anti-frosting performance of super hydrophobic coating based on modified nano-sized calcium carbonate and ordinary polyacrylate [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253(22): 8818-8824.
[60] WANG L, YANG J Y, ZHU Y, et al. An environmentfriendly fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on steel and magnesium alloy [J]. Materials Letters, 2016, 171: 297-299.
[61] WANG C Z, TANG F, LI Q, et al. Spray-coated superhydrophobic surfaces with wear-resistance, dragreduction and anti-corrosion properties [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2017, 514: 236-242.
[62] SRIVASTAVA S, KOTOV N A. Layer-by-layer(LBL) assembly with semiconductor nanoparticles and nanowires [M]//Semiconductor nanocrystal quantumdots. Vienna: Springer, 2008: 197-216.
[63] SUNNY S, VOGEL N, HOWELL C, et al. Lubricantinfused nanoparticulate coatings assembled by layerby-layer deposition [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(42): 6658-6667.
[64] CHEN X M, MA R Y, ZHOU H B, et al. Activating the microscale edge effect in a hierarchical surface for frosting suppression and defrosting promotion [J]. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3: 2515.
[65] WANG Y, LI T Q, LI S H, et al. Antifogging and frost-resisting polyelectrolyte coatings capable of healing scratches and restoring transparency [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2015, 27(23): 8058-8065.
[66] RAO A V, GURAV A B, LATTHE S S, et al. Water repellent porous silica films by Sol-gel dip coating method [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2010, 352(1): 30-35.
[67] BAE W G, SONG K Y, RAHMAWAN Y, et al. Onestep process for superhydrophobic metallic surfaces by wire electrical discharge machining [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2012, 4(7): 3685-3691.
[68] ZHANG Y F, WU J, YU X Q, et al. Frost and ice transport on superhydrophobic copper surfaces with patterned micro- and nano-structures [J]. Acta PhysicoChimica Sinica, 2014, 30(10): 1970-1978(in Chinese).
[69] CELIA E, DARMANIN T, TAFFIN DE GIVENCHY E, et al. Recent advances in designing superhydrophobic surfaces [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2013, 402: 1-18.
[70] ALI H M, QASIM M A, MALIK S, et al. Techniques for the fabrication of super-hydrophobic surfaces and their heat transfer applications [M]//Heat transfer: Models, methods and applications. New York: InTech, 2018: 137-144.
[71] WANG Q C, YANG X D, SHANG G R. Fabrication of copper-based superhydrophobic surface through template deposition [J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 915/916: 799-802.
[72] CHUN D M, NGO C V, LEE K M. Fast fabrication of superhydrophobic metallic surface using nanosecond laser texturing and low-temperature annealing [J]. CIRP Annals, 2016, 65(1): 519-522.
[73] CHEN Z X, DONG L, YANG D, et al. Superhydrophobic graphene-based materials: Surface construction and functional applications [J]. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(37): 5352-5359.
[74] SINGH E, CHEN Z P, HOUSHMAND F, et al. Superhydrophobic graphene foams [J]. Small, 2013, 9(1): 75-80.
[75] GUO Z, CHEN X, LI J, et al. ZnO/CuO heterohierarchical nanotrees array: Hydrothermal preparation and self-cleaning properties [J]. Langmuir, 2011, 27(10): 6193-6200.
[76] RABENAU A. The role of hydrothermal synthesis in preparative chemistry [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 1985, 24(12): 1026-1040.
[77] BYRAPPA K, YOSHIMURA M. History of hydrothermal technology [M]//Handbook of hydrothermal technology. Norwich: Noyes Publications, 2013: 51-73.