Fig.1

Grid of flat plate

Fig.2

Skin friction coefficient distributions and transition locations

Tab.1

Different mesh sizes in mesh convergence analysis

Fig.3

Distribution of surface friction coefficient at an angle of attack of 0° for smooth airfoil

Fig.4

Medium grid for NACA0012 airfoil

Fig.5

Comparison of velocity profiles at several streamwise locations

Fig.6

Rough surface distribution on NACA0012 airfoil

Fig.7

Variation of CL and CD for airfoils at different roughnesses

Tab.2

CLmax and stall angle of airfoils

Fig.8

Streamlines and contours of streamwise velocity for C1 airfoil near stall angle

Fig.9

Streamlines and contours of streamwise velocity for R1 airfoil near stall angle

Fig.10

Streamlines and contours of streamwise velocity for R2 airfoil near stall angle

Fig.11

Pressure coefficients and surface friction coefficients of airfoils at α=10°

Fig.12

Comparisons of velocity profiles at several streamwise locations at α=10°

Fig.13

Comparisons of turbulence kinetic energy at several streamwise locations at α=10°

Fig.14

Comparisons of eddy viscosity at several streamwise locations at α=10°

Fig.15

Variation of CL and CD for airfoils at different roughnesses

Tab.3

CLmax and stall angle of airfoils

Fig.16

Streamlines and contours of streamwise velocity for C2 airfoil near stall

Fig.17

Streamlines and contours of streamwise velocity for R3 airfoil near stall

Fig.18

Pressure coefficients and surface friction coefficients of airfoils at α=10°

Fig.19

Streamlines near leading edge for airfoils at α=10°

Fig.20

Comparisons of velocity profiles at several streamwise locations at α=10°

Fig.21

Comparisons of turbulence kinetic energy at several streamwise locations at α=10°

Fig.22

Comparisons of eddy viscosity at several streamwise locations at α=10°