大规模风电场高电压穿越控制方法研究综述

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.416

上海交通大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (6): 783-797.doi: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.416

• 新型电力系统与综合能源 • 下一篇

大规模风电场高电压穿越控制方法研究综述

魏娟¹, 黎灿兵², 黄晟¹(), 陈思捷², 葛睿³, 沈非凡¹, 魏来¹

1.湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙 410082
2.上海交通大学电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室,上海 200240
3.国家电力调度控制中心, 北京 100031

收稿日期:2022-10-20 修回日期:2022-12-18 接受日期:2023-03-03 出版日期:2024-06-28 发布日期:2024-07-05
通讯作者: 黄晟,教授,博士生导师,电话(Tel.):0731-88822461;E-mail: huangsheng319@hnu.edu.cn.
作者简介:魏娟(1990-),博士,助理研究员,从事风电机组及机群建模、故障穿越及无功电压控制研究.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52207050);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0608700)

Review of High Voltage Ride-Through Control Method of Large-Scale Wind Farm

WEI Juan¹, LI Canbing², HUANG Sheng¹(), CHEN Sijie², GE Rui³, SHEN Feifan¹, WEI Lai¹

1. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
2. Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3. National Electric Power Dispatching and Control Center, Beijing 100031, China

Received:2022-10-20 Revised:2022-12-18 Accepted:2023-03-03 Online:2024-06-28 Published:2024-07-05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大规模发展风电是新能源开发和利用的重大需求,是实现我国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的关键支撑.由外部电网故障造成的风电场电压安全稳定运行问题成为制约风电大规模、集群化、智能化发展的关键瓶颈之一.主要针对电网电压骤升工况,首先从电磁关系和能量流动角度分析常见的双馈风电机组、永磁直驱风电机组以及风电场的高电压穿越(HVRT)暂态特性;然后,基于风电机组不同控制区域归纳总结风电机组HVRT控制策略和风电场HVRT及故障后电压恢复协调优化控制方法,梳理和比较现有各种控制策略的工作原理和优缺点,并从控制结构的角度归纳分析现有大规模风电场的HVRT控制方法的原理、优缺点和效果,总结风电机组和风电场在HVRT控制上的不同点;最后,探讨和预测未来风电场电压智能安全控制的发展趋势和潜在研究热点,为提升我国风电大规模应用和电网安全运行提供借鉴指导作用.

关键词: 风电, 风力发电机, 风电场, 高电压穿越, 电压控制

Abstract:

As the major demand for the development and utilization of new energy, the large-scale development of wind power is a key support in achieving the strategic goal of “cabron peaking and carbon neutrality” for China. The problem of safe and stable operation of wind farms caused by external grid faults has become one of the key bottlenecks restricting the large-scale, clustered, and intelligent development of wind power. This paper mainly focuses on the voltage surge condition of the power grid. First, it analyzes the transient characteristics of high voltage ride-through (HVRT) of the doubly-fed induction generator-wind turbine, permanent magnet synchronous generator-wind turbine, and wind farms. Then, it summarizes the corresponding HVRT and post-fault voltage recovery coordinated optimal control strategies based on the different control areas, and it classifies and compares the working principles and advantages and disadvantages of various control strategies. Afterwards, it recapitulates the principle, advantages and disadvantages, and effects of the existing HVRT control method for large-scale wind farms, and analyzes the differences between the single wind turbine and the large-scale wind farms from the perspective of control structure. Finally, it discusses the development trend and potential research hotspots of wind farm voltage intelligent safety control in the future, aiming to provide reference for improving the large-scale application of wind power and the safe operation of power grids in China.

Key words: wind power, wind power generator, wind farm, high voltage ride-through (HVRT), voltage control

中图分类号:

TM614

魏娟, 黎灿兵, 黄晟, 陈思捷, 葛睿, 沈非凡, 魏来. 大规模风电场高电压穿越控制方法研究综述[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2024, 58(6): 783-797.

WEI Juan, LI Canbing, HUANG Sheng, CHEN Sijie, GE Rui, SHEN Feifan, WEI Lai. Review of High Voltage Ride-Through Control Method of Large-Scale Wind Farm[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2024, 58(6): 783-797.

图/表 7

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

风电机组HVRT不同控制策略的特点比较

控制类别	控制方法	优点	缺点
机侧控制方法	①机侧变流器q轴电流分量补偿策略;②加入虚拟电阻或虚拟阻抗^[33-34]、无源阻尼与转子侧换流器协调控制^[25];③基于定子磁链或电压定向的矢量控制^[36];④串联动态电阻和Crowbar保护电路^[37].	①将机侧多余的风能转化为转子的动能,提高了能量利用率;②通过去磁控制或者电流调节器抑制故障瞬间转子冲击电流,避免变流器被破坏或者引发更大的损害;③适用于各种类型的对称和不对称电网故障;④在严重故障下可实现故障穿越.	①调节时间较长,可能会使风轮转速过快而超过额定转速导致失控;②控制效果受到励磁变流器容量限制,在严重故障下可能无法成功穿越故障,存在可行性区域的限制;③RSC的全部容量都用来产生与定子磁链暂态分量相反的转子电流,控制效果受到变流器容量的限制;④增加额外电路使得系统更加复杂,维护和建设成本较高.
直流母线控制方法	①直流母线环节增加Chopper保护电路^[41];②变直流母线电压控制策略^[42-43];③直流母线环节加入储能系统^{[44⇓⇓⇓⇓-49]}.	①加入Chopper保护电路可消耗直流母线的不平衡功率,抑制直流母线过电压;②可以扩大变流器的电压输出范围,提高风电机组HVRT的能力;③储能装置的使用可以快速有效地响应HVRT过程中直流母线电压的波动.	①采用Chopper保护电路会消耗掉系统的部分功率,造成风功率的浪费;②使直流母线电压抬升,会造成一定的波动影响;③分布式储能系统的增加会大大提高设备的成本.
网侧控制方法	①协调无功-电压与有功-电压减载控制^[53];②基于模型预测控制的新型鲁棒控制器^{[54⇓⇓-57]};③增加静止无功补偿器和动态电压恢复器^{[58⇓⇓⇓-62]}等额外装置.	①通过减载可以避免转子过电压,从而保护变流器电力电子器件免遭击穿的损害;②在外部干扰或参数有误差情况下控制效果依然较好,对系统参数敏感性较低;③可以帮助风电机组快速恢复端电压,提升电网电压恢复能力.	①控制逻辑较复杂,HVRT的控制效果对参数依赖性较高;②控制效果受到励磁变频器容量限制,在严重故障下可能无法成功穿越故障,存在可行性区域的限制;③与风电机组协调控制较复杂,同时会增加系统成本.

表1

表2

表3

风电机组与大规模风电场HVRT控制策略与电压恢复的特点比较

	暂态特性的区别	控制策略的区别
风电机组	风电机组HVRT主要研究不同类别单台风电机组的暂态特征: ①直驱风电机组由于GSC输出电压受限于调制系数,当电网电压骤升后,GSC会由于过调制而导致风电机组失控;②DFIG在HVRT期间,不仅要保证GSC不过调制,还要考虑定子磁链变化的问题.由于GSC输出电压幅值有限,将在直流侧产生不平衡功率,进而引起直流母线过电压,带来风电机组脱网的风险.	①直驱风电机组以防止GSC过调制为目的,在直流母线处适当抬升电压、通过GSC向电网输送动态的感性无功功率;②DFIG需分析风电机组功率流动机理,以减小不平衡功率、过电流冲击和过调制为目的,分别在风电机组机侧、直流母线处、网侧增加硬件和软件控制设备或措施.
大规模风电场	①大规模风电场HVRT和电压恢复过程的暂态特性更加复杂,除了考虑单机在电网电压骤升工况下的影响因素之外,还应考虑风电场内不同风电机组之间的耦合特性对风电机组端电压的影响;②大规模风电场中不同风电机组由于位置不同,潮流分布不同,在HVRT时会呈现差异性暂态特征;③风电机组节点之间存在复杂的电-磁-力交互影响,耦合程度指数级增长,当发生故障时会发生大范围波动,甚至出现风电机组级联跳闸,因此对控制策略的计算速度和精准性要求更高.	①大规模风电场HVRT和电压恢复过程的控制策略逻辑结构更加复杂,不仅要考虑单台风电机组的控制策略,还要根据电网拓扑结构与无功最优分配结果精确调节电压幅值,保障所有风电机组不脱网运行;②通过分级优化计算,使风电场中央控制器与风电机组本地控制器高度配合,保证控制的快速性和稳定性,提高大规模风电场的HVRT与电压恢复能力.

表3

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控制方式	优点	缺点
集中式控制^{[55,58 -59,61,63 -64]}	要求获取风电场内所有风电机组的具体信息,中央控制器执行优化计算,然后将功率给定值下发给风电机组.可与电网联动,实现特定的优化目标.	需要获取风电场内所有电机组信息,中央控制器的计算负担重,系统可靠性和灵活性低.
分散式控制^{[65⇓⇓⇓-69]}	风电机组由本地控制独立调节,无需与中央控制器通信,在HVRT过程中可以快速抑制风电机组波动.	与电网互动能力不足,支撑电网及提供辅助能力弱,无法实现风电场群的全局最优运行.
分级(分层)分布式控制^{[70⇓⇓-73]}	计算任务由中央控制器和风电机组控制器共同分担,需要中央控制器协调所有风电机组控制器,计算负担有效降低.	只能针对某些特定的问题结构进行处理.

大规模风电场高电压穿越控制方法研究综述

Review of High Voltage Ride-Through Control Method of Large-Scale Wind Farm

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