考虑蒙皮透射率的飞艇热力学模型及其热特性

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2019.039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以平流层飞艇为研究对象,在考虑飞艇表面蒙皮的透射特性以及内部填充气体对辐射的吸收率与发射率的基础上,推导出飞艇表面蒙皮及内部填充气体的热力学方程.通过有限拆分法建立了考虑蒙皮透射率的飞艇热力学仿真模型,并分析比较了典型蒙皮材料下飞艇的热力学特性.通过将飞艇外形建模和表面离散化处理,针对每个单元和内部填充气体进行瞬态热特性数值计算,分析了仿真模型中网格划分及时间步长对计算结果的影响.通过相关实验数据对所建立的模型及其求解方法的可靠有效性进行了验证,分析比较了不同特性蒙皮材料的飞艇热特性及其变化规律.

关键词: 飞艇, 透射率, 热特性, 平流层, 数值计算

Abstract:

Taking stratospheric airship as the research object, considering the transmission characteristics of the airship surface and the absorption rate and emissivity of the inner filling gas to radiation, the thermodynamic equations of the airship surface skin and inner filling gas are deduced. The thermodynamic simulation model of the airship considering the transmittance of the skin is established by using the sub-method, and the thermodynamic characteristics of airship under typical skin materials are analyzed and compared. Through airship shape modeling and surface discretization, the transient thermal characteristics of each unit and internal gas are calculated, and the influence of the mesh division and time step in the simulation model on the calculation results is analyzed. The data verifies the reliability and validity of the established model and its solution method, and the thermal characteristics and the changing laws of airships with different characteristics of skin materials are analyzed and compared.

Key words: airship, transmittance, thermal characteristics, stratosphere, numerical calculation

中图分类号:

TB131
V274

程晨, 王晓亮. 考虑蒙皮透射率的飞艇热力学模型及其热特性[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2021, 55(7): 868-877.

CHENG Chen, WANG Xiaoliang. Thermal Dynamic Model and Thermal Characteristics of Airships Considering Skin Transmittance[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2021, 55(7): 868-877.

图/表 16

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表1

层流及湍流对流换热系数及努塞尔数计算式

换热方式	外部自然对流换热系数	努塞尔数
层流换热	h_{free_ex}=Nu_Dk_air/D	Nu_D=C_cR $a D 1 / 4$
湍流换热	h_{free_ex}=Nu_xk_air/x	Nu_x=C_tA(θ)R $a x 1 / 3$

表1

表2

图7

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表3

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表4

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参考文献 21

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参数	取值	参数	取值
飞艇长度/m	50	蒙皮密度/(kg·m^-3)	180
飞艇最大直径/m	16	蒙皮的比热容/(J∙kg^-1∙K^-1)	3600
飞艇体积/m³	6704.5	空气热导率/(J∙kg^-1∙K^-1)	0.026
飞艇表面积总和/m²	2049.7	重力加速度/(m·s^-2)	9.81
飞艇水平面投影面积/m²	628.32	太阳常数/(W·m^-2)	1367.0
飞行高度/km	20	蒙皮材料太阳辐射吸收率	0.001
日期(积日)	81	蒙皮内表面红外发射率	0.031
飞行经度	124°E	蒙皮外表面红外发射率	0.031
地区标准时间位置经度	121°E	地球及云层反射率	0.4
飞行纬度	30°N	地球表面发射率	0.92
初始时刻蒙皮及填充气体温度/K	216.5	大气等效发射率	0.85
来流速度/(m·s^-1)	4.8055	地球等效温度/K	255
蒙皮厚度/m	0.0005

参数	取值	参数	取值
表面单元数/个	3207	蒙皮厚度/m	0.0001
飞艇长度/m	1.42	蒙皮密度/(kg·m^-3)	1500
飞艇最大直径/m	0.47	蒙皮的比热容/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)	5310
飞艇体积/m³	0.219191	空气热导率/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)	0.026
飞艇表面积总和/m²	2.09	重力加速度/(m·s^-2)	9.81
环境温度/K	286.95	蒙皮材料太阳辐射吸收率	0.45
外部大气密度/(kg·m^-3)	1.225	蒙皮内表面红外发射率	0.81
初始时刻蒙皮温度/K	286.95	蒙皮外表面红外发射率	0.81
初始时刻填充气体温度/K	286.95	地球反射率	0.035
填充气体种类	空气	太阳高度角/(°)	90
太阳辐射热流/(W·m^-2)	972	太阳方位角/(°)	0

参数	透明材料	半透明材料	不透明材料
蒙皮材料的太阳辐射吸收率	0.001	0.1655	0.33
蒙皮材料的太阳辐射反射率	0.114	0.392	0.67
蒙皮材料的太阳辐射透射率	0.885	0.4425	0
蒙皮材料外表面的红外辐射吸收率	0.031	0.4155	0.8
蒙皮材料外表面的红外辐射反射率	0.127	0.1635	0.2
蒙皮材料外表面的红外辐射透射率	0.842	0.421	0
蒙皮材料内表面的红外辐射发射率	0.031	0.4155	0.8
蒙皮材料外表面的红外辐射发射率	0.031	0.4155	0.8
氦气的太阳及红外辐射吸收率	0.028	0.028	0.028