The aim of the study was to analyze the histologic and ultrastructural changes after maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement using engineered bone graft material. In this study, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds combined with goat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were used to fill goat sinus floor space after maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement comparing with those not filled any grafted materials and used as controls. After a healing period of 3 months, the goat maxillary sinus membrane was examined using light microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. The results showed that the connective tissue thickness and the epithelium thickness of mucosa were not statistically significant difference between two groups. The tissue engineered bone complex might be an ideal graft for the sinus floor elevation and have no influence on the sinus membrane under the histological and ultrastructural observation. © Shanghai Jiaotong University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.