上海交通大学学报, 2025, 59(12): 1855-1865 doi: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.022

船舶海洋与建筑工程

考虑土体三维波动效应的螺纹桩纵向振动响应解析解

王博宇a, 胡志平,a,b, 张永辉a, 殷珂a, 马甲宽a

长安大学 a. 建筑工程学院; b. 西安市绿色智慧交通岩土工程重点实验室,西安 710061

Analytical Solution for Vertical Vibration Response of Screw Piles Considering Three-Dimensional Wave Effect in Soil

WANG Boyua, HU Zhiping,a,b, ZHANG Yonghuia, YIN Kea, MA Jiakuana

a. School of Civil Engineering; b. Xi’an Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering for Green and Intelligent Transport, Chang’ an University, Xi’an 710061, China

通讯作者: 胡志平,教授,博士生导师,电话(Tel.):029-82337356;E-mail:huzhping@chd.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2024-01-12   修回日期: 2024-06-19   接受日期: 2024-08-12  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42077248)

Received: 2024-01-12   Revised: 2024-06-19   Accepted: 2024-08-12  

作者简介 About authors

王博宇(1992—),博士生,主要从事岩土力学、桩基动力响应方面研究.

摘要

从三维模型出发,考虑土体三维波动效应,对黏弹性地基中螺纹桩纵向振动频域特性进行研究.基于三维波动理论建立桩周土波动方程,采用Laplace变换和分离变量的方法得到桩土完全耦合条件下的螺纹桩振动响应解.结果表明:相比忽略径向位移的计算方法,考虑土体三维波动效应的解可以兼顾土体中纵波和剪切波的波动效应,精度更高.在低频范围内,螺纹桩桩长越长,动刚度和阻尼越大,侧壁受到的侧摩阻力发挥作用越显著.螺牙间距越小,桩周土对桩基的约束作用越强,桩基的竖向承载力明显提高,螺牙的存在对螺纹桩的振动有着不可忽视的影响.

关键词: 螺纹桩; 三维波动效应; 纵向振动; 解析解; 复刚度

Abstract

By modeling the soil as a three-dimensional axisymmetric medium and considering the three-dimensional wave effects within it, a theoretical study is conducted on the frequency domain characteristics of the longitudinal vibration of threaded piles in viscoelastic foundations. Based on the three-dimensional wave theory, the wave equation of the soil surrounding the pile under axisymmetric conditions is established. The vibration response solution of the screw pile under fully coupled pile soil conditions is obtained using Laplace transformation and variable separation methods. The results show that compared to the models that neglect radial displacement, the solution incorporating the three-dimensional wave effect of soil captures both longitudinal and shear waves in the soil, offering higher accuracy. In the low-frequency range, longer screw piles exhibit greater dynamic stiffness and damping, with the lateral friction along the pile shaft playing a more prominent role. Additionally, reducing the spacing between screw threads enhances the restraining effect of the surrounding soil, significantly improving vertical bearing capacity of the pile foundation. The existence of the screw threads has a substantial influence on the vibration of the screw pile.

Keywords: screw pile; three-dimensional wave effect; vertical vibration; analytical solution; complex dynamic stiffness

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本文引用格式

王博宇, 胡志平, 张永辉, 殷珂, 马甲宽. 考虑土体三维波动效应的螺纹桩纵向振动响应解析解[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2025, 59(12): 1855-1865 doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.022

WANG Boyu, HU Zhiping, ZHANG Yonghui, YIN Ke, MA Jiakuan. Analytical Solution for Vertical Vibration Response of Screw Piles Considering Three-Dimensional Wave Effect in Soil[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(12): 1855-1865 doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.022

螺纹桩是一种由桩芯和螺牙组成的新型变截面桩,因其具有承载力高、沉降变形小、有效节约桩体材料等特点,目前已在多个软基处理工程中得到运用[1-3].它巧妙地利用了桩的螺旋,改变桩周土的天然结构,改善土的物理力学性质,从而更好地发挥桩土作用[4-6].文献表明,与圆桩相比,在相同的条件下螺纹桩承载力会提高约67%,造价降低60%~70%.尽管螺纹桩在工程应用中具有很大的应用潜力[7],但针对螺纹桩的振动响应研究没有足够的深入,因此严重限制了螺纹桩技术的进一步推广[8-9].

由于螺纹桩空间形态较为复杂,桩土相互作用机理分析困难,为了能深入了解螺纹桩的动力响应,国内外学者采用室内试验的方法对其进行研究[10-11].El-sawy等[12-13]对干沙中螺纹单桩进行室外振动台试验,指出圆桩的固有频率略高于螺纹桩,且地震荷载下螺纹桩的动力响应比圆桩性能更好.Fayez等[14-15]对螺纹单桩和群桩进行振动台试验,结果表明单桩在地震响应中经历了共振,且表现出显著的动力响应,而群桩没有经历共振,因此在螺纹桩抗震设计中应充分考虑地震频率的影响.Hussein等[16-17]基于打入黏性土层并嵌入沙砾层中的螺纹桩进行大型现场动力实验,发现与圆桩相比,螺纹桩表现出良好的横向和纵向响应,且在地震响应中,螺纹桩侧向变形较小,性能优于圆桩.Shahbazi等[18]和Orang等[19]采用大型振动台对群桩进行试验,结果显示在振动过程中和振动后,螺纹桩能有效地改善因水平振动导致的基础沉降.从上述研究中表明,螺纹桩具备优越的抗震性能,且在水平动荷载方面取得一定成果,但关于竖向振动荷载下螺纹桩动力响应的研究还鲜有出现.

对于螺纹桩的动力响应而言,桩的纵向振动荷载在桩基工程中也是普遍存在的,例如列车荷载作用在路堤或者桥面时桩的振动问题等,尽管人们意识到螺纹桩纵向振动荷载的重要性,但由于其异形截面效应,利用实心圆桩的桩基振动理论无法分析螺纹桩的动力响应,所以竖向振动荷载下螺纹桩振动响应研究相对比较少.随着桩试验技术不断提高,有学者开始进行螺纹桩竖向振动试验的研究.Elkasabgy等[20]对双螺旋螺纹桩进行全尺寸动态竖向简谐振动试验,结果显示因线性理论假定桩和土存在完美结合而高估了桩的刚度和阻尼,而采用非线性方法考虑了弱边界区和桩土分离,可合理估计螺纹桩的响应曲线和阻抗参数,同时还发现,随着时间推移,桩周围软弱区域内的土壤变硬,9个月后的螺纹桩刚度平均增加42%,阻尼平均增加约90%.总体上看,虽然螺纹桩纵向动力性能的研究取得一定的成果,但主要为试验结果.现场试验无法真实还原螺纹桩在纵向振动下的承载机理和动力特性,且成本较高,而采用理论分析方法对其动力性能进行研究,能够克服上述缺点,从本质上揭示螺纹桩的动力响应和发展规律.

基于上述分析,本文考虑螺纹桩异形截面螺牙间桩土动摩阻力和螺牙动摩阻力分布,假设桩周土为均匀黏弹性体,运用Laplace变换推导出螺纹桩纵向振动响应解析方法,将所得解完全退化到实心桩的解,验证了解析解的合理性,且分析了桩长、螺牙间距以及螺牙高度对桩顶复阻抗的影响,得到螺纹桩振动特性变化规律.在此基础上可以进一步研究螺纹桩在复杂工况下的纵向振动响应,这对螺纹桩的抗震设计具有十分重要的意义.

1 基本假定及方程建立

1.1 计算模型及基本假定

本文研究的是考虑土体三维波动效应时黏弹性土层中螺纹桩纵向振动问题,模型如图1所示.桩顶作用竖向激振力P(t),螺纹桩的长度、螺牙间距、螺牙厚度、螺牙高度、螺牙内径和螺牙外径分别为Hhcbr0r1.f为螺纹桩-土接触面上的动摩阻力,ρp为桩体的质量密度,桩底土对桩的作用和桩周土底部支撑条件均采用开尔文形式,其弹性系数和阻尼系数分别为kpkscpcs.

图1

图1   桩土系统动力学模型

Fig.1   Dynamic model of pile-soil system


已有的理论中,均将螺纹桩采用等效刚度法,将其视为同等内径的圆桩[21],或者将螺纹桩简化为变截面圆桩[22],但这些假设都与螺纹桩实际工作情况不符.本节提出的模型基于非等截面螺纹桩模型,能够充分反映螺纹桩的实际受力情况.

考虑已有研究成果[23-24],作出如下假定:

(1) 将螺纹桩视为有限长的均质弹性杆件,桩身变形满足弹性、小变形假定;

(2) 土体材料阻尼采用黏弹性阻尼模型,考虑土体的三维波动效应;

(3) 桩侧土上表面为自由边界,底部支撑条件为黏弹性支撑;

(4) 螺纹桩采用一维弹性杆件模拟,满足应力波的平截面假定;

(5) 桩与桩周土接触良好,接触面不发生滑移,即桩体与桩周土体接触面位移连续,适用于与桩身黏结性较强的土体.

1.2 方程的建立

1.2.1 土体振动方程

基于弹性动力学理论,建立弹性介质桩周土在柱坐标系中波动方程:

$\begin{array}{c} (\lambda+G) \frac{\partial \varepsilon_{\mathrm{v}}}{\partial r}+G\left(\nabla^{2}-\frac{1}{r^{2}}\right) u_{r}+\left(\lambda^{\prime}+G^{\prime}\right) \frac{\partial^{2} \varepsilon_{\mathrm{v}}}{\partial t \partial r}+ \\ G^{\prime} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\nabla^{2}-\frac{1}{r^{2}}\right) u_{r}=\rho_{\mathrm{s}} \frac{\partial^{2} u_{r}}{\partial t^{2}} \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c} (\lambda+G) \frac{\partial \varepsilon_{\mathrm{v}}}{\partial z}+G \nabla^{2} u_{z}+\left(\lambda^{\prime}+G^{\prime}\right) \frac{\partial^{2} \varepsilon_{\mathrm{v}}}{\partial t \partial z}+ \\ G^{\prime} \frac{\partial}{t} \nabla^{2} u_{z}=\rho_{\mathrm{s}} \frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial t^{2}} \end{array}$

式中:Δ2=$\frac{{\partial }^{2}}{\partial {r}^{2}}$+$\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}$+$\frac{{\partial }^{2}}{\partial {z}^{2}}$;εv=$\frac{\partial {u}_{r}}{\partial r}$+$\frac{{u}_{r}}{r}$+$\frac{\partial {u}_{z}}{\partial z}$;uruz分别为桩周土的径向位移与竖向位移;λG为桩周土体的拉梅常数;λ'G'为相应的黏性阻尼系数;ρs为土体质量密度.

1.2.2 桩体振动方程

采用一维波动方程来描述桩体的纵向振动,由于螺纹桩属于结构复杂的异形变截面桩,其桩与土之间的相互作用非常复杂,且在纵向振动下的响应与传统的圆桩完全不同.螺纹桩受力后,其主要摩阻力为螺牙间桩土摩阻力f1和螺牙摩阻力f2,如图2所示.

图2

图2   螺纹桩受力示意图

Fig.2   Schematic diagram of stress on screw piles


则桩体振动方程:

A$\left({\sigma }_{z}+\frac{\partial {\sigma }_{z}}{\partial z}dz\right)$-z-f1dz-f2dz= ρpAdz$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{u}_{p}}{\partial {t}^{2}}$

即有:

$\frac{\partial {\sigma }_{z}}{\partial z}$-$\frac{{f}_{1}}{A}$-$\frac{{f}_{2}}{A}$=ρp$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{u}_{p}}{\partial {t}^{2}}$

式中:A为螺纹桩横截面面积;σz为桩体任意截面上的竖向应力;z为横截面与桩顶间距离;up为桩体纵向位移.

1.3 边界条件

当螺纹桩受到竖向激振力P(t)时,其边界条件为

${\left.{E}_{p}A\frac{\partial {u}_{p}}{\partial z}\right|}_{z=0}$=-P(t)

式中:Ep为螺纹桩弹性模量.螺纹桩桩顶受到竖向激振力P(t)=Qmaxsin(πt/T)(0≤tT),其中Qmax为激振力幅值,T为脉冲宽度.

螺纹桩底部为黏弹性支承,其边界条件可表示为

${\left.\left({E}_{p}A\frac{\partial {u}_{p}}{\partial z}+{k}_{p}{u}_{p}+{c}_{p}\frac{\partial {u}_{p}}{\partial t}\right)\right|}_{z=H}$=0

土层上表面为自由边界:

${\left.\frac{\partial {u}_{z}}{\partial z}\right|}_{z=0}$=0

土层底部为黏弹性支承:

${\left.\left({E}_{s}\frac{\partial {u}_{z}}{\partial z}+{k}_{s}{u}_{z}+{c}_{s}\frac{\partial {u}_{z}}{\partial t}\right)\right|}_{z=H}$=0

桩-土接触面处土体径向位移为0:

${\left.{u}_{r}\right|}_{r={r}_{0}}$=0

桩-土接触面位移连续:

${\left.{u}_{z}\right|}_{r={r}_{0}}$=up

2 方程的求解

2.1 桩周土振动方程的求解

对式(1)和式(2)进行Laplace变换,令s=iω,可得:

(G+iωG')$\left({\Delta }^{2}-\frac{1}{{r}^{2}}\right)$Ur+ $\left[(\lambda +G)+i\omega (\lambda \text{'}+G\text{'})\right]\frac{\partial E}{\partial r}$=-ρsω2Ur
$\begin{array}{r} \left(G+\mathrm{i} \omega G^{\prime}\right) \nabla^{2} U_{z}+[(\lambda+G)+ \\ \left.\mathrm{i} \omega\left(\lambda^{\prime}+G^{\prime}\right)\right] \frac{\partial E}{\partial z}=-\rho_{\mathrm{s}} \omega^{2} U_{z} \end{array}$

式中:ω为圆频率;UrUzE分别为uruzεv的Laplace变换.

按照桩周土振动方程类似的推导思路[25],对式(11)和式(12)进行微分变换和分离变量法求解,并结合边界条件可得桩周土的径向位移以及竖向位移的Laplace变换表达式:

$\begin{aligned} U_{r}= & {\left[A_{2} \sin \left(g_{2} z\right)+B_{2} \cos \left(g_{2} z\right)\right] \mathrm{K}_{1}\left(q_{2} r\right)+} \\ & \chi_{1} A_{1} \mathrm{~K}_{1}\left(q_{1} r\right) \sin \left(g_{1} z\right) \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} U_{z}= & {\left[A_{3} \sin \left(g_{3} z\right)+B_{3} \cos \left(g_{3} z\right)\right] \mathrm{K}_{0}\left(q_{3} r\right)+} \\ & \chi_{2} A_{1} \mathrm{~K}_{0}\left(q_{1} r\right) \cos \left(g_{1} z\right) \end{aligned}$

式中:${q}_{1}^{2}$+β2=${g}_{1}^{2}$;${q}_{2}^{2}$+$\frac{{\rho }_{s}{\omega }^{2}}{{G}_{s}+G{\text{'}}_{s}i\omega }$=${g}_{2}^{2}$;${q}_{3}^{2}$+$\frac{{\rho }_{s}{\omega }^{2}}{G+G\text{'}i\omega }$=${g}_{3}^{2}$;β2=$\frac{{\rho }_{s}{\omega }^{2}}{(\lambda +2G)+(\lambda \text{'}+2G\text{'})i\omega }$;K0(·)、K1(·) 分别为第二类修正零阶Bessel函数和第二类修正一阶Bessel函数;A1A2A3B2B3均为待定系数.

结合E=$\frac{\partial {U}_{r}}{\partial r}$+$\frac{{U}_{r}}{r}$+$\frac{\partial {U}_{z}}{\partial z}$,将UrUz代入,可得g2=g3,q2=q3,A2q2=-B3g3,B2q2=A3g3.

由边界条件式(7)可得到A3=0.

对式(8)进行Laplace变换可得:

${\left.\left({E}_{s}\frac{\partial {U}_{z}}{\partial z}+{k}_{s}{U}_{z}+i\omega {c}_{s}{U}_{z}\right)\right|}_{z=H}$=0

将式(14)代入式(15),且由sin(g3H)与cos(g3H)、sin(g1H)与cos(g1H)线性无关性可得:

tan(g3H)=$\frac{\overline{K}}{{g}_{3}H}$, tan(g1H)=$\frac{\overline{K}}{{g}_{1}H}$

式中:$\overline{K}$=KsH/Es表示土层底部弹簧复刚度的无量纲参数,Ks=ks+iωcs.

式(16)为超越方程,可通过编程求解得到无穷多个特征值g3,记为g3n,并将g3n代入${q}_{3}^{2}$+$\frac{{\rho }_{s}{\omega }^{2}}{G+G\text{'}i\omega }$=${g}_{3}^{2}$,即可得到q3n.

为方便起见,引入统一的符号gn=g1n=g2n=g3n.

因此,土体径向位移Ur和竖向位移Uz可表示为

Ur=$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\chi }_{1n}{A}_{1n}{K}_{1}\left({q}_{1n}r\right)+{A}_{2n}{K}_{1}\left({q}_{2n}r\right)\right)$×sin(gnz)
Uz=$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\chi }_{2n}{A}_{1n}{K}_{0}\left({q}_{1n}r\right)-{A}_{2n}\frac{{q}_{2n}}{{g}_{n}}{K}_{0}\left({q}_{3n}r\right)\right)$×cos(gnz)

将式(17)代入式(9),整理可得:

A2n=-$\frac{{\chi }_{1n}{K}_{1}\left({q}_{1n}{r}_{0}\right)}{{K}_{1}\left({q}_{2n}{r}_{0}\right)}$A1n

桩周土与圆桩接触面处桩周土的竖向位移可表示为

${\left.{U}_{z}\right|}_{r={r}_{0}}$=$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }$η1nA1ncos(gnz)

式中:η1n=χ2nK0(q1nr0)+$\frac{{\chi }_{1n}{q}_{2n}{K}_{1}\left({q}_{1n}{r}_{0}\right)}{{g}_{n}{K}_{1}\left({q}_{2n}{r}_{0}\right)}$× K0(q3nr0).

2.2 振动荷载下螺纹桩的解

由于螺纹桩属于异形截面桩,其螺牙间桩土摩阻力和螺牙摩阻力分布规律并不相同,这里分开进行考虑.

2.2.1 螺牙间桩土摩阻力

螺牙下土体受力状态较为复杂,在受到竖向动荷载后,螺牙间的土体和螺纹桩接触面发生相对位移,产生桩土摩阻力,因此螺牙间桩土摩阻力为

F1=2πr0$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }$η2nA1ncos(gnz)

式中:η2n=(Gs+G's)$\left({\chi }_{2n}{q}_{1n}+\frac{{\chi }_{1n}{q}_{2n}^{2}}{{g}_{n}}\right)$K1(q1nr0);F1f1的Laplace变换形式.

2.2.2 螺牙摩阻力

对螺纹桩螺牙进行受力分析,如图3所示.为了考虑螺纹桩中螺牙对桩土动力响应的影响,可将螺牙摩阻力分为螺牙上表面承担的土体摩阻力T1、螺牙外断面承担的土体所承担摩阻力T2和螺牙下表面承担的土体所提供的摩阻力T3,如图3(a)所示.由于螺纹桩间圆桩表面相对螺牙外断面的表面要大得多,因此可以在计算中忽略螺牙外断面承担的土体所承担摩阻力T2的影响.

图3

图3   螺牙受力示意图

Fig.3   Stress diagram of screw thread


由于螺纹桩是异形截面桩,螺牙结构较为复杂,为便于分析其受力特点,以螺牙初始点所在桩芯横截面为xOy平面建立如图3(b)所示的三维坐标.S为螺纹桩桩顶受到动荷载P(t)的作用下在微区域的作用力,A点为螺牙表面上的任意一点,其所在桩芯横截面的径向与x轴的夹角为θ,高度为zA. TbNnSτ分别为沿螺牙的切向、法向和径向的力.从螺牙初始点展开至该点,并且向桩芯横截面进行投影可得如图3(b)所示的双点划线.由图可知,螺牙高度z与夹角θ的关系为

z=r1θtan β

式中:β为螺牙升角.

为厘清螺牙表面的受力特点,对螺牙面上A点微区域进行受力研究,建立如图4所示自然坐标系(b,τ,n)和整体坐标系(x,y,z).图中:α为螺纹牙型角的一半.

图4

图4   自然坐标系与整体坐标系变换示意图

Fig.4   Schematic diagram of transformation between natural coordinate system and global coordinate system


由解析几何坐标旋转关系可知,自然坐标系和整体坐标可以表示为

$\left[\begin{array}{l}x\\ y\\ z\end{array}\right]$=T$\left[\begin{array}{l}b\\ \tau \\ n\end{array}\right]$=T1T2T3$\left[\begin{array}{l}b\\ \tau \\ n\end{array}\right]$
T1=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}cos \theta & -sin\theta & 0\\ sin \theta & cos \theta & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
T2=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}1& 0& 0\\ 0& cos \beta & sin \beta \\ 0& -sin \beta & cos \beta \end{array}\right]$
T3=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}cos \alpha & 0& sin \alpha \\ 0& 1& 0\\ -sin \alpha & 0& cos \alpha \end{array}\right]$

计算可得坐标转换为

T=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}cos \theta cos \alpha +sin \theta sin \beta sin \alpha & -sin \theta cos \beta & cos \theta sin \alpha -sin \theta sin \beta cos \alpha \\ sin \theta cos \alpha -sin \alpha cos \theta sin \beta & cos \theta cos \beta & sin \theta sin \alpha +cos \theta sin \beta cos \alpha \\ -sin \alpha cos \beta & -sin \beta & cos \beta cos \alpha \end{array}\right]$

由整体坐标系的平衡条件可得:

$\begin{array}{l} T_{b}(\cos \theta \cos \alpha+\sin \theta \sin \beta \sin \alpha)+ \\ \quad\left(N_{n}+S \cos \beta\right)(\cos \theta \sin \alpha-\sin \theta \sin \beta \cos \alpha)- \\ \quad\left(S_{\tau}-S \sin \beta\right) \sin \theta \cos \beta=0 \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} T_{b}(\sin \theta \cos \alpha-\sin \alpha \cos \theta \sin \beta)+ \\ \quad\left(N_{n}+S \cos \beta\right)(\sin \theta \sin \alpha+\cos \theta \sin \beta \cos \alpha)+ \\ \quad\left(S_{\tau}-S \sin \beta\right) \cos \theta \cos \beta=0 \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c} -T_{b} \sin \alpha \cos \beta-\left(S_{\tau}-S \sin \beta\right) \sin \beta+ \\ \left(N_{n}+S \cos \beta\right) \cos \beta \cos \alpha=0 \end{array}$

联立式(28)~(30)即可得螺牙面上的作用力Nn

Nn=Scos β

桩顶作用竖向激振力P的作用下,微区域作用力S[26]可表示为

S=$\frac{P}{{n}_{1}{A}_{\epsilon }cos \alpha }$

式中:n1为有效啮合螺牙的圈数;Aε为单个螺牙螺牙面基础面积,Aε=$\frac{\pi ({r}_{1}-{r}_{0})}{cos \alpha }$.

由于振动荷载作用下螺纹桩侧摩阻力符合汤连生等[27]提出的摩擦学说,则螺牙面上的侧摩阻力为

F2=μNn

式中:μ为桩土的滑动摩擦因数,由于滑动摩擦因数仅与硬质材料的混凝土桩身表面粗糙程度和软质材料的土层性质有关,因此其值可参考文献[28-29]选取.

用位移表示应力,对螺纹桩振动方程式(4)进行Laplace变化:

$\begin{array}{l} E_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\partial^{2} U_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial z^{2}}+\rho_{\mathrm{p}} \omega^{2} U_{\mathrm{p}}= \\ \frac{1}{A}\left[2 \pi r_{0} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \eta_{2 n} A_{1 n} \cos \left(g_{n} z\right)+\mu \cos \beta \frac{P}{n A_{\varepsilon} \cos \alpha}\right] \end{array}$

利用线性微分方程解的叠加原理,容易得到式(34)的解为

$\begin{aligned} U_{\mathrm{P}}= & C \cos (\psi z)+D \sin (\psi z)+ \\ & \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \kappa_{n} A_{1 n} \cos \left(g_{n} z\right)+\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{2}} \end{aligned}$

式中:ψ=$\frac{\omega }{{C}_{p}}$,Cp=$\sqrt{\frac{{E}_{p}}{{\rho }_{p}}}$为桩基纵向波速;κn=$\frac{2\pi {r}_{0}{\eta }_{2n}}{{\rho }_{p}A{\omega }^{2}-{E}_{p}A{g}_{n}}$;βn=$\frac{\mu cos \beta P}{nA{A}_{\epsilon }cos \alpha }$.

根据特征函数cos(gnz)的正交性质,将式(47)两边同时乘以cos(gnz),并在[H]上积分,可得:

$\begin{array}{l} \int_{0}^{H}[C \cos (\psi z)+D \sin (\psi z)] \cos \left(g_{n} z\right) \mathrm{d} z+ \\ \frac{H}{2} \kappa_{n} A_{1 n}+\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{2}} \int_{0}^{H} \cos \left(g_{n} z\right) \mathrm{d} z=\frac{H}{2} \eta_{1 n} A_{1 n} \end{array}$

A1n=γ1C+γ2D+γ3

式中:γ1=$\frac{2{\int }_{0}^{H}cos\left(\psi z\right)cos\left({g}_{n}z\right)dz}{H({\eta }_{1n}-{\kappa }_{n})}$; γ2=$\frac{2{\int }_{0}^{H} sin\left(\psi z\right)cos\left({g}_{n}z\right)dz}{H({\eta }_{1n}-{\kappa }_{n})}$; γ3=$\frac{2{\beta }_{n}{\int }_{0}^{H}cos\left({g}_{n}z\right)dz}{H({\eta }_{1n}-{\kappa }_{n}){\psi }^{2}}$.

将桩顶和土层底部边界条件式(5)和式(6)作关于的Laplace变换,并代入式(35)可以得出待定系数和:

$\begin{aligned} C= & \left\{( k _ { \mathrm { p } } + \delta _ { \mathrm { p } } \mathrm { i } \omega ) \left[-\left(\frac{\bar{P}(\mathrm{i} \omega)}{E_{\mathrm{p}} A \psi}+\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{3}}\right) \sin (\psi H)+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} k_{\mathrm{n}} A_{1 \mathrm{n}} \cos \left(g_{n} H\right)+\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{2}}\right]- \\ & E_{\mathrm{p}} \psi \cos (\psi H)\left(\frac{\bar{P}(\mathrm{i} \omega)}{E_{\mathrm{p}} A \psi}+\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{3}}\right)- \\ & \left.E_{\mathrm{p}} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} g_{n} k_{n} A_{1} \sin \left(g_{n} H\right)\right\} / \\ & \left[\psi E_{\mathrm{p}} \sin (\psi H)-\left(k_{\mathrm{p}}+\delta_{\mathrm{p}} \mathrm{i} \omega\right) \cos (\psi H)\right] \end{aligned}$
$D=-\frac{\bar{P}(\mathrm{i} \omega)}{\psi E_{\mathrm{p}} A}-\frac{\beta_{n}}{\psi^{3}}$

式中:$\overline{P}$(iω)为P(t)的Laplace变换形式.

由式(38)和式(39)将其代入式(35)中,即可得到螺纹桩纵向振动位移表达式Up.

根据桩顶复刚度定义,螺纹桩的桩顶复刚度表达式可以表示为

$K_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{P(\mathrm{i} \omega)}{U_{\mathrm{p}}(0, \mathrm{i} \omega)}$

式中:Kd为桩顶复刚度,也可进一步用无量纲形式Kd=EpH(kv+ikc)表示,其实部kv和虚部kc分别为无量纲桩顶复刚度形式的动刚度和阻尼部分.

3 解析模型验证与对比分析

为了验证考虑土体三维波动效应时螺纹桩解析解的合理性,将本文解退化到圆桩与文献[25,30]中的纵向振动响应解进行对比.若无特殊说明,螺纹桩的相关参数取值如下:桩长H=10 m,螺牙间距h=0.4 m,螺牙高度b=0.1 m,螺牙内侧厚度为0.1 m,螺牙外侧厚度为0.06 m,螺牙内径r0=0.15 m,螺牙外径r1=0.25 m,桩底刚度系数kp=1×1010 N/m,阻尼系数cp=1×105 N/m3,螺牙升角 β=25°,桩基纵向波速Cp=5 000 m/s,桩体泊松比 μp=0.17,质量密度ρp=2.5×103 kg·m3,弹性模量Ep=2.0×1010 Pa,滑动摩擦因数μ=0.6.根据文献[25]中的桩周土具体参数,本文取值如下:黏性阻尼系数λ's=G's=1×104 N·s/m2,土体质量密度 ρs=1.8×103 kg·m3,泊松比μs=0.4,内摩擦角 ϕ=15°,黏聚力c=3.6×104 Pa,底部弹性系数ks=4.0×105 N/m3,底部阻尼系数cs=1.0×104 N/m3,切变模量G=5×106 Pa.

计算中,频率ω化为无量纲频率$\stackrel{-}{\omega }$:$\stackrel{-}{\omega }$=$\frac{\omega H}{{C}_{p}}$,ω0=$\frac{\omega {r}_{1}}{{C}_{s}}$,其中Cp=$\sqrt{\frac{{E}_{p}}{{\rho }_{p}}}$,Cs=$\sqrt{\frac{G}{{\rho }_{s}}}$.土层底部刚度系数为$\frac{{K}_{s}}{{E}_{s}}$=0.1.

令螺牙摩阻力为0,即可将螺纹桩退化为实心圆桩,其实心圆桩面积按照螺牙内径面积进行计算,得到黏弹性地基中实心圆桩的纵向振动响应解析解,将其与胡昌斌解[25]比较,如图5所示.对比发现,本文退化解与胡昌斌解吻合较好,从而验证本文模型解析解的准确性.由图5(a)可见,随着频率的增加,桩顶动刚度出现周期性振荡,曲线振荡的幅值随频率的增大而增大.由图5(b)可见,阻尼对频率敏感性较大,且随频率的增大,振幅也逐渐增大,这是由于频率的增加,桩-土系统之间的能量耗散效果也逐渐发挥作用.

图5

图5   本文解与胡昌斌解[25]的对比

Fig.5   Comparison between the solution proposed in this paper and the solution in Ref.[25]


为了进一步验证退化解的正确性,将退化解与丁选明解[30]进行对比,图6为退化解与忽略径向位移解桩顶复阻抗的对比结果.从图中可见,退化解反映了桩基动刚度在低频处存在两个一阶共振频率ω11ω12,而丁选明解仅考虑土体的竖向位移的情况下,只存在一个共振频率ω12.这是由于同时考虑了竖向位移和径向位移,能够反映土体中纵波和剪切波的波动效应,相对更加严格.从图6中可以看出,本文解与忽略径向位移解基本吻合,且变化趋势相同,在低频阶段,动刚度较文献解偏小,桩顶动阻尼较文献解偏大,随着频率增长,两者又逐渐趋于一致,这说明在低频阶段忽略径向位移对桩顶复刚度产生不可忽视的影响.因此本文解考虑土体的三维波动效应,能够对螺纹桩振动响应进行更严格的解析研究.

图6

图6   本文解与丁选明解[30]对比

Fig.6   Comparison between proposed solution in this paper and that in Ref.[30]


已有文献均将螺纹桩视为变截面圆桩,为证明本文模型的可靠性,也为了展现本文模型与等截面圆桩的差异,采用Abaqus软件建立螺纹桩和变截面圆桩的三维有限元模型,如图7所示,模型外部采用无限元单元法消除边界效应的影响.在桩顶施加正弦变换的均布荷载,其动荷载最大值为Qmax=60 kN,频率为f=50 Hz.螺纹桩、变截面圆桩和土层的材料属性与上文相同,变截面圆桩桩长为10 m,截面变化处的面积与螺纹桩纵向投影面积相同,变截面厚度为0.1 m,间距为0.4 m.图8为振动荷载作用下螺纹桩和变截面圆桩桩顶动位移曲线,从图中可以看出,螺纹桩有限元模型得到的曲线与本文解析解得到的曲线吻合较好,但与变截面圆桩存在差异,若将螺纹桩简化为变截面圆桩,则会低估螺纹桩在动力荷载下的承载能力,主要原因是将螺纹桩简化成变等截面圆桩时,未考虑螺牙的连续性.而解析模型更接近螺纹桩数值模拟的结果,从而证明本文模型更符合螺纹桩的实际受力情况.

图7

图7   三维动力有限元模型

Fig.7   3D dynamic finite element model


图8

图8   有限元解与本文解析解对比曲线

Fig.8   Comparison of finite element solution with proposed analytical solution


4 影响因素分析

4.1 螺纹桩桩长对桩顶振动响应的影响

图9反映了螺纹桩桩长对桩顶动力阻抗的影响情况.由图可见,桩长对桩顶的动刚度和阻尼影响较大.桩顶动力阻抗随着桩长的增长而增大,这是由于桩长越长,侧壁受到侧摩阻力越大,则动刚度越大.图9(a)可以看出,对于同一频率而言,随着桩长的增长,动刚度增加,此时桩基竖向承载力明显提高.由图9(b)可见,随着频率增长,桩长对动阻尼表现出显著的影响,这表明桩长的不同会在低频阶段对阻尼效应影响较大,桩土体系能量耗散明显增加,应力波在桩身衰减的速度越快,桩-土相互作用发挥的越明显.

图9

图9   不同螺纹桩桩长对桩顶复刚度的影响

Fig.9   Effect of different screw pile lengths on complex dynamic stiffness of pile top


4.2 螺纹桩螺牙间距对桩顶振动响应的影响

根据螺纹桩截面的特点可知,螺牙的存在是影响其桩顶动力阻抗的关键因素.因此,需要研究螺纹桩其他参数相同时,螺牙间距对桩顶复刚度的影响,如图10所示.由图10(a)可见,动刚度随着螺牙间距的缩小而逐渐增大,这表明在一定的桩长条件下,螺牙数量越多,桩侧的动摩阻力越大,桩周土对桩基的约束作用越强,使桩基的竖向承载力明显提高.与文献[22]中相比,若将螺纹桩简化为变截面圆桩,将会忽视螺牙对螺纹桩的纵向振动响应的影响,使计算结果产生误差,因此进一步验证了本文方法的必要性.由图10(b)可见,随着螺牙间距的缩小,同频率下桩顶阻尼增大,即表明在桩身内传播的应力波的能量衰减速度变大,桩-土相互作用逐渐发挥作用.

图10

图10   不同螺纹桩螺牙间距对桩顶复刚度的影响

Fig.10   Effect of different thread pitches on pile top complex dynamic stiffness


4.3 螺牙高度对桩顶振动响应的影响

图11反映了不同螺牙高度对桩顶复刚度的影响.由动刚度曲线图11(a)可见,在低频范围内,螺牙高度对动刚度的变化影响较小,表明螺牙高度对桩顶动刚度的影响可以忽略.这是由于低频范围内,桩体在荷载作用下产生较小位移,螺牙底部端承效果还未完全发挥作用,螺纹桩所受阻力主要由直杆段的侧摩阻力承担,所以螺牙高度的改变不会对桩土系统的真实刚度产生较大的影响.由图11(b)可见,动阻尼随着频率的增加,基本呈线性增加的趋势.随着螺牙高度的增大,同一频率的动阻尼也逐渐增大.这说明螺牙高度越大,阻尼效应越明显,应力波在桩身衰减的速度越快.

图11

图11   螺牙高度对桩顶复刚度的影响

Fig.11   Effect of the height of screw thread on complex dynamic stiffness


5 结论

针对黏弹性地基中螺纹桩纵向振动响应的问题,本文构建了基于土体三维波动效应的波动方程,利用Laplace变换和分离变量的方法得到了螺纹桩纵向振动解析表达式.通过对螺纹桩桩顶复刚度进行参数分析,得到如下结论:

(1) 相比考虑土体三维波动效应的解,忽略径向位移高估了动刚度,低估了应力波在桩内的能量耗散作用.

(2) 在低频范围内,螺纹桩桩长的不同对桩顶复刚度有显著影响.动刚度和阻尼效应均随着桩长的增长而逐渐增大,且桩-土相互作用发挥的越明显.

(3) 在低频范围内,螺牙间距越小,桩侧的动摩阻力越大,桩周土对桩基的约束作用增强,螺牙的存在对螺纹桩的振动响应有着不可忽视的影响.

(4) 在低频范围内,螺牙高度对桩顶动刚度的影响可以忽略,但螺牙高度越大,阻尼效应越明显,应力波在桩身衰减的速度越快.

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The offshore wind energy sector faces new challenges as it moves into deeper water deployment. To meet these challenges, new and efficient foundation solutions are required. One potential solution is to upscale onshore screw piles but they require verification of performance for new geometries and demanding loading regimes. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite-element analysis investigation of screw pile behaviour when subjected to combined vertical and lateral loading in sand. In the investigation, the screw pile length and helical plate diameter were varied on piles with a fixed core diameter while subjecting the piles to combined axial and lateral loading. The results were compared with results from straight shafted piles with the same core diameter. The results of the analysis revealed that vertical compression loads increased the lateral capacity of the screw piles whereas vertical uplift loads marginally reduced the lateral capacity. The downside of this enhanced lateral capacity is that the screw piles experience higher bending moments. This suggests that, when using screw piles for offshore foundation applications, structures should be designed to maintain axial compressive loads on the piles and induced bending moments need to be adequately assessed when deciding on appropriate structural sections.

MA J K, WANG R, HU Z P, et al.

Limit equilibrium theory in calculating screw pile bearing capacity under compression

[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 177(5): 468-481.

DOI:10.1680/jgeen.22.00122      URL     [本文引用: 1]

The problem of calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of a screw pile is studied using the limit equilibrium theory in this paper. Calculation methods for the critical screw pitch and the ultimate bearing capacity under two representative failure modes are proposed. Four key parameters affecting the ultimate bearing capacity are compared and analysed, and design optimisation suggestions are put forward. The results illustrate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the screw pile is mainly affected by the shear strength of the soil, the height of the screw thread and the screw pitch. When designing the screw pile, the height of the screw thread could be increased and the screw pitch reduced to some extent.

MA J K, LUO L J, MU T, et al.

Experimental study on characteristics of pile-soil interaction in screw piles

[J]. Buildings, 2022, 12(12): 2091.

DOI:10.3390/buildings12122091      URL     [本文引用: 1]

A screw pile is a special-shaped pile with several advantages, including good bearing capacity, economy, and rapid construction. The calculation of the screw piles’ ultimate bearing capacity in the individual bearing failure state remains controversial. To address the problems of an unclear failure mechanism and the pile–soil contact relationship in screw piles, we conducted large-scale direct shear tests using a partial amplification method. The variation law for soil stress and the failure pattern of soil around the screw teeth were analyzed. The bearing capacity of the screw shear plate with screw teeth was found to be significantly higher than that of the plane shear plate, while that of the screw pile first increased and then decreased with an increase in the screw pitch. The optimal screw pitch allowed the determination of the maximum bearing capacity. Furthermore, the optimal screw pitch was generally equal to the critical screw pitch, which distinguished the individual bearing failure from the cylindrical shearing failure. A new calculation method for the critical screw pitch and ultimate bearing capacity in the individual bearing failure state was presented, and its rationality was proved using the direct shear test results. The calculation of the critical screw pitch considers the shear strength of soil and the geometric parameters of the screw teeth, making it more widely applicable. These results can provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent design of screw piles.

EL-SAWY M K, EL NAGGAR M H, CERATO A B, et al.

Data reduction and dynamic p-y curves of helical piles from large-scale shake table tests

[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2019, 145(10): 04019075.

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002146      URL     [本文引用: 1]

EL-SAWY M K, EL NAGGAR M H, CERATO A, et al.

Seismic performance of helical piles in dry sand from large-scale shaking table tests

[J]. Géotechnique, 2019, 69(12): 1071-1085.

DOI:10.1680/jgeot.18.P.001      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Recent earthquakes have highlighted the need for safe and efficient construction of earthquake-resilient structures. Meanwhile, helical piles are gaining popularity as a foundation not only for new construction, but also retrofitted structures, owing to their advantages over conventional driven pile alternatives. In addition, several structures supported by helical piles in New Zealand sustained minimal damage during the Christchurch earthquake, proving that helical piles can be a suitable foundation option in highly seismic areas. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning their seismic performance. Therefore, the current study investigates the performance of helical piles through a full-scale shaking table test programme – the inaugural large-scale seismic testing programme performed on helical piles. The experimental set-up involved installing ten steel piles with different configurations and pile head masses in dry sand enclosed in a laminar shear box mounted on the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation at University of California, San Diego (NEES/UCSD) large high-performance outdoor shaking table (LHPOST). The loading scheme consisted of white noise and two earthquake time histories with varying intensity and frequency content. The experimental results are presented in terms of the natural frequency and response of test piles (peak deflections). The effects of loading frequency and intensity and the pile's geometrical configuration and installation method were evaluated.

FAYEZ A F, EL NAGGAR M H, CERATO A B, et al.

Assessment of SSI effects on stiffness of single and grouped helical piles in dry sand from large shake table tests

[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2022, 20(7): 3077-3116.

DOI:10.1007/s10518-021-01241-7      [本文引用: 1]

FAYEZ A F, EL NAGGAR M H, CERATO A B, et al.

Seismic response of helical pile groups from shake table experiments

[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2022, 152: 107008.

DOI:10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.107008      URL     [本文引用: 1]

HUSSEIN A F, EL NAGGAR M H.

Effect of model scale on helical piles response established from shake table tests

[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2022, 152: 107013.

DOI:10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.107013      URL     [本文引用: 1]

HUSSEIN A F, EL NAGGAR M H.

Dynamic performance of driven and helical piles in cohesive soil

[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2023, 18(3): 1543-1568.

DOI:10.1007/s11440-022-01649-8      [本文引用: 1]

SHAHBAZI M, CERATO A B, EL NAGGAR M H, et al.

Evaluation of seismic soil-structure interaction of full-scale grouped helical piles in dense sand

[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2020, 20(12): 04020228.

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001876      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ORANG M J, BOUSHEHRI R, MOTAMED R, et al.

Large-scale shake table experiment on the performance of helical piles in liquefiable soils

[C]// 45th DFI Annual Conference on Deep Foundations. Hawthorne, NJY, USA: Deep Foundations Institute, 2020: 1-10.

[本文引用: 1]

ELKASABGY M, EL NAGGAR M H.

Dynamic response of vertically loaded helical and driven steel piles

[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2013, 50(5): 521-535.

DOI:10.1139/cgj-2011-0126      URL     [本文引用: 1]

The dynamic performance of helical piles is of significant interest because such piles can offer an efficient alternative to conventional piling systems in many applications where the foundation is subjected to dynamic loads. This paper presents the results of full-scale dynamic vertical load tests on a 9.0 m double-helix, large-capacity helical pile and a driven steel pile of the same length and shaft geometry. Comparing the results is considered necessary to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the dynamic performance characteristics of large-capacity helical piles. The test piles were closed-ended steel shafts with an outer diameter of 324 mm. The piles were subjected to harmonic (quadratic) loading of different force intensities acting within a frequency range that covered the resonant frequencies of the tested pile–soil–cap systems. The dynamic and static properties of the subsurface soil adjacent to the test piles were determined using the seismic cone penetration technique and the conventional soil boring and testing methods. In addition, field observations are compared with calculated responses using the program DYNA 6 to better understand the pile–soil interaction for the case of helical piles. The effects of soil nonlinearity and pile–soil separation were accounted for in the analysis by employing a weak boundary zone around the piles in the analytical model. The experimental results show that the dynamic behaviour of helical piles is essentially the same as that of driven steel piles with the same geometric properties (without the helix plates). In addition, it was demonstrated that the program DYNA 6 can accurately simulate the behaviour of both helical and driven piles.

张新春, 白云灿, 何泽群, .

桩土相互作用的钢管螺旋桩水平动力响应研究

[J]. 中国工程机械学报, 2019, 17(6): 547-553.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG Xinchun, BAI Yuncan, HE Zequn, et al.

Research on the dynamical response characteristics of steel screw pile under lateral vibration

[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2019, 17(6): 547-553.

[本文引用: 1]

朱昂. 螺旋桩振动响应特性的模型试验研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2020.

[本文引用: 2]

ZHU Ang. Model test study on vibration response characteristics of screw pile[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2020.

[本文引用: 2]

EL NAGGAR M H.

Recent advances in helical piles for dynamic and seismic applications

[C]// Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Beijing, China: Springer, 2022: 24-49.

[本文引用: 1]

ALWALAN M F, EL NAGGAR M H.

Load-transfer mechanism of helical piles under compressive and impact loading

[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2021, 21(6): 04021082.

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002037      URL     [本文引用: 1]

胡昌斌, 王奎华, 谢康和.

桩与粘性阻尼土耦合纵向振动时桩顶时域响应研究

[J]. 振动工程学报, 2004(1): 76-81.

[本文引用: 6]

HU Changbin, WANG Kuihua, XIE Kanghe.

Study on time domain response of pile top under longitudinal vibration coupled with viscous damping soil

[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2004(1): 76-81.

[本文引用: 6]

张明远, 鲁连涛, 唐明明, .

横向载荷作用下螺栓临界松动载荷数值计算方法研究

[J]. 机械工程学报, 2018, 54(5): 173-178.

DOI:10.3901/JME.2018.05.173      [本文引用: 1]

为明确螺栓抵抗松动的能力,指导螺栓在使用中的选型,以抑制螺纹面局部滑移为防松条件,通过对同一螺纹面周向不同位置的受力进行分析,推导得到了横向载荷作用下螺栓临界松动载荷的数值计算公式。采用横向振动试验装置和该数值计算方法,分别测试和计算了尺寸规格为M5的螺栓在夹紧力为2 000 N、2 500 N时的临界松动载荷。结果表明,夹紧力为2 000 N时临界松动载荷的试验与计算结果分别为302.5 N、280.3 N,2 500 N时试验与计算结果分别为372.5 N和350.4 N。两种夹紧力条件下试验与计算结果相对误差分别为7.3%(2 000 N)和5.9%(2 500 N),这验证了该数值计算方法的准确性及可靠性。基于该公式,分析了螺栓结构参数对临界松动载荷的影响。结果表明,增大夹紧力、螺纹面摩擦因数、螺栓直径以及牙型角,降低螺栓夹紧长度、螺纹升角,可以增大临界松动载荷,提高螺栓抵抗松动的能力。

ZHANG Mingyuan, LU Liantao, TANG Mingming, et al.

Research on numerical calculation method of critical load for bolt loosening under transverse loading

[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(5): 173-178.

DOI:10.3901/JME.2018.05.173      [本文引用: 1]

In order to evaluate the anti-loosening ability of bolt and guide the selection of the bolt in use, a numerical formula of critical load for bolt loosening is obtained through the force analysis in different circumferential positions of thread. Inhibiting localized thread slip is the condition of avoiding loosening in the formula derivation. The critical loads of the M5 bolts under 2 000 N and 2 500 N preloads are tested by the transverse vibration device and calculated by the numerical formula, respectively. The results show that the critical loads obtained by test and calculation are 302.5 N and 280.3 N for the bolt with 2 000 N preload, 372.5 N and 350.4 N for the bolt with 2 500 N preload. The relative errors between the test and calculation results are 7.3% (2 000 N) and 5.9% (2 500 N) respectively, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the numerical formula. Then, the effect of the structure parameters of bolt on the critical load for bolt loosening is analyzed based on the numerical formula. The results show that increasing the clamping load, the thread friction coefficient, the bolt diameter, the thread angle, and decreasing the clamping length, the lead angle, can contribute to increasing this critical load, and improve the anti-loosening ability of bolt.

汤连生, 张鹏程, 王洋, .

土体内外摩擦及摩擦强度试验研究

[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004(6): 974-979.

[本文引用: 1]

TANG Liansheng, ZHANG Pengcheng, WANG Yang, et al.

Testing study on internal and external friction and frictional strength of soils

[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004(6): 974-979.

[本文引用: 1]

杨庆光, 刘杰, 何杰, .

楔形与等截面静压桩沉桩贯入阻力对比研究

[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2013, 35(5): 897-901.

[本文引用: 1]

YANG Qingguang, LIU Jie, HE Jie, et al.

Comparative research on penetration resistance of jacked tapered piles and uniform section piles

[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2013, 35(5): 897-901.

[本文引用: 1]

王永洪, 张明义, 李长河, .

管桩静压侧摩阻力及桩土界面滑动摩擦机制研究

[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2021, 29(6): 1535-1549.

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WANG Yonghong, ZHANG Mingyi, LI Changhe, et al.

Research on the static pressure side friction resistance of pipe piles and the mechanism of sliding friction at the pile soil interface

[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2021, 29(6): 1535-1549.

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丁选明. 桩纵向振动响应试验与解析方法研究[D]. 南京: 河海大学, 2008.

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DING Xuanming. Experimental and analytical methods for longitudinal vibration response of piles[D]. Nanjing: Hohai University, 2008.

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