Existing test equipment for pipe-jacking thixotropic slurry grouting cannot simulate the actual stress state of strata. To address this limitation, a grouting test apparatus was developed that can simultaneously apply uniaxial axial pressure and pore water pressure. The apparatus consists of a sample holding device, a stress application and control system, a pressure grouting system, and a digital monitoring system, enabling independent control of axial pressure and pore water pressure while real-time monitoring of key physical quantities. Using this apparatus, grouting tests under different burial depth conditions were conducted to analyze the influence of effective stress on the grouting process. Under the conditions of this study, experimental results show that effective stress significantly influences grouting performance indicators. When the effective stress increases from 0 to 320 kPa, the permeability coefficient of the soil sample decreases by 73%, the filter cake formation time shortens by 91%, the cumulative slurry injection and drainage volume before filter cake formation decreases by 83%, and the slurry injection and drainage rate after filter cake formation reduces by 71%. The developed apparatus provides a reliable laboratory platform for slurry performance optimization and engineering applications.