Anchorage and submarine cables are crucial maritime facilities safeguarding sea traffic and communication. Ship anchoring and dragging in anchorage areas can potentially damage nearby submarine cables. This article scientifically analyzes factors contributing to submarine cable damage from perspectives including vessels, environment, personnel, and cables. Starting from the causes of damage, simulations of drifting due to anchor dragging are conducted, considering factors such as anchor penetration depth, vessel type, and crew decision-making during emergencies. A risk model for submarine cable damage is developed, with a case study conducted in the Lu Xi Island pilot quarantine anchorage at Wenzhou Port and its surrounding submarine cables. The study reveals that the risk of cable damage depends on vessel-cable distance, vessel type, and vessel scale. The model provides a quantitative analysis of submarine cable damage from multiple angles, offering valuable support for safe maritime operations.