This study investigates the topological optimization of locally reinforcing single-layer reticulated shell structures to enhance their economy and overall stability. Using the amount of structural steel as the evaluation index, a topological optimization method based on the progressive structural optimization algorithm is proposed for single-layer reticulated shell structures. The strain energy is calculated based on the internal force distribution of the structural members, and a grid strength evaluation criterion is established in combination with the characteristics of single-layer reticulated shell structures. In the iterative calculation, cones are added to strengthen the grid with excessive strain energy, and new cones with insufficient strain energy are deleted. The amount of steel used and the overall stability of the reticulated shell structure before and after optimization are compared to verify the feasibility of the structural optimization method. After topological optimization, the locally reinforced single-layer reticulated shell structure exhibits a reduced amount of steel used and improved overall stability compared to the initial structure. The results can provide technical references for optimizing the local reinforcement design of single-layer reticulated shell structures, and also provide reference for similar structural optimization problems.