Frequency Regulation Trading Bidding Dispatch for Internet Data Center with Energy Storage Considering Physical-Virtual Energy Storage Coupling

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.358

Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University ›› 2026, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (6): 871-881.doi: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.358

• New Type Power System and the Integrated Energy • Next Articles

Frequency Regulation Trading Bidding Dispatch for Internet Data Center with Energy Storage Considering Physical-Virtual Energy Storage Coupling

ZHAO Jiayi¹^,², HUANG Chunyi¹^,²^,³(), WANG Chengmin¹^,², LI Kangping⁴, LI Zhao⁵, TIAN Zhuangmei⁶

¹ School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
² Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
³ Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology of theMinistry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
⁴ School of Smart Energy Innovation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
⁵ The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign IL 61801, USA
⁶ State Grid Shangqiu Electric Power Supply Company, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China

Received:2024-09-12 Revised:2024-10-17 Accepted:2024-11-13 Online:2026-06-28 Published:2026-07-02

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the issues of insufficient modeling accuracy of the adjustable capacity of Internet data centers with energy storage (IDCE) and the lack of coordination between energy storage systems and temperature-controlled server room loads in existing studies, which limit the full utilization of IDCE regulation potential under both normal and extreme grid operating conditions, this paper proposes a frequency regulation trading bidding dispatch method for IDCE considering physical-virtual energy storage coupling, aiming to explore a normalized profitability strategy for IDCE while ensuring basic operational requirements. First, based on workload dispatch characteristics and the virtual energy storage behavior of server rooms, the coupled operation mechanism between physical and virtual energy storage within IDCE is analyzed, and a corresponding coupled adjustable capacity model is developed. Then, to maximize daily operating revenue, a frequency regulation trading and bidding dispatch model is established considering workload uncertainty and frequency regulation service compensation prices. The nonlinear constraints from the server power consumption model based on dynamic voltage-frequency regulation are addressed using a relaxation approximation approach. Finally, the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper is validated through a numerical case study. The proposed method can realize regular profitability of IDCE on the premise of meeting basic operation requirements.

Key words: Internet data center with energy storage (IDCE), physical energy storage, virtual energy storage, bidding dispatch

CLC Number:

TM732

ZHAO Jiayi, HUANG Chunyi, WANG Chengmin, LI Kangping, LI Zhao, TIAN Zhuangmei. Frequency Regulation Trading Bidding Dispatch for Internet Data Center with Energy Storage Considering Physical-Virtual Energy Storage Coupling[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2026, 60(6): 871-881.

Figures/Tables 7

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References 13

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案例	储能运行成本	IDCE购电成本	调频辅助服务市场收入	总成本
1	6676.8	43218	22650	27245
2	1514.5	27979	0	29494
3	6441.0	34446	16628	24259

时段	实体储能净放电量		向上级电网购电量
时段	案例2	案例3	案例2	案例3
峰	10481	10355	606.4	619.4
谷	-37283	-27002	66878	77773
平	14308	6893.2	3180.7	10033

Frequency Regulation Trading Bidding Dispatch for Internet Data Center with Energy Storage Considering Physical-Virtual Energy Storage Coupling

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