A Review of Numerical Studies of Wave Impacts on Marine Structures

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.500

Abstract

Abstract:

Wave impact is a strongly nonlinear interaction between waves and structures, and its load usually has the characteristics of a large peak value and short duration. In recent years, the extreme environment has frequently led to severe wave impacts on marine structures, resulting in loss of life and property, thus making the issue of wave impact become a great concern. For the complicated impact process, the theoretical analysis and model experiments can only provide simplified analytical solution and limited information on the slamming flow field. Therefore, numerical simulation has gradually become an effective means to study the issue of wave impact. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a large number of numerical investigations on the load characteristics of wave impact, impact process, and its influencing factors on marine structures, gaining numerous important research conclusions. In this paper, the current progress, existing methods, and important conclusions of the numerical study of wave impact on marine structures are reviewed, which can provide useful references for further research on the numerical simulation of wave impact.

Key words: wave impact, numerical simulation, boundary element method (BEM), smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), numerical tank, volume of fluid (VOF)

CLC Number:

U661.1

ZHANG Nianfan, XIAO Longfei, CHEN Gang. A Review of Numerical Studies of Wave Impacts on Marine Structures[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2024, 58(2): 127-140.

Figures/Tables 12

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References 65

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数值方法	优点	缺点	适用范围
BEM	①降低了求解问题的维数,减小计算量 ②能够方便地处理无界区域问题 ③求解精度较高	①难以求解非线性问题 ②需要找到合适的格林函数	一般用于求解线性水动力问题
FDM	①形式简单,适用性强 ②容易构造出高精度格式	对于复杂流体区域的边界形状处理不方便,计算精度易受影响	主要适用于结构网格
FEM	①受求解区域单元形状划分的限制低 ②灵活性强,应用范围广	①求解复杂问题的耗时长,对计算资源要求高 ②无法较好地处理无界区域问题	适用于处理具有复杂几何边界的流场及复杂因素(材料、边界条件)的组合问题
FVM	①离散方程具有很好的守恒性 ②对网格的适应性强 ③在流固耦合分析中,能够与有限元法较好地结合	形式复杂,不易提高计算精度	适用于流场有大梯度或间断的流动
SPH	①能够更好地模拟自由表面流动 ②计算精度不受网格质量的限制 ③对介质的连续性不要求	①边界条件的施加存在难度 ②存在非物理性振荡问题	适用于强对流、大变形、高能量流动问题
MPS	①算法简洁高效,数值收敛性好 ②能够与其他网格方法耦合使用 ③无需考虑网格划分问题	存在压力振荡现象	适用于自由面大变形流动等问题

计算程序	求解问题的维数	理论模型	数值方法	波浪模型
PLATFORM	三维	势流理论	基于Morison方程	Wheeler拉伸后的Airy波
FSWL-2D	二维	黏性流体的N-S方程	FDM+FVM	Airy波,五阶Stokes波
FLOW-3D	二维或三维	黏性流体的N-S方程	FDM+FVM	Airy波,五阶Stokes波

数值造波方法	方法描述	优点	缺点
仿物理造波	借鉴物理水池造波原理,采用动网格技术模拟造波板的往复运动进行实现	①原理简单 ②易于在物理水池中验证	①需要求解网格运动,计算效率偏低 ②无法模拟斜浪和多向波浪的生成
速度入口边界造波	基于波浪理论,以边界条件形式给出入口边界处的波面形状和水质点速度,随着波浪向计算域内传播,从而实现数值造波	①计算效率高 ②使用灵活,可用于复杂波浪的模拟	需要配合有效的消波手段和质量修正方法,以保证数值计算的质量守恒
源项造波	在动量方程中添加质量源项以实现数值造波	可以同时实现数值造波、消波和消除二次反射波的影响	对于复杂的三维黏性流体问题,难以给出准确的造波源项表达式

自由液面处理方法	方法描述	优点	缺点
VOF法	通过计算网格单元中流体所占网格体积的比例,实现对自由面位置的捕捉	①良好的质量守恒特性 ②易于实现	①依赖网格的细化程度 ②需要进行界面重构,对复杂尖锐界面的模拟效果不理想
Level-Set法	将两相流的交界面用Level-Set函数的零等值面表示,其中Level-Set函数通常选为带符号的距离函数	①能够计算处交界面的曲率、法向向量等几何参数 ②模拟出的自由面形状光滑	Level-Set 函数的重初始化,可能导致质量不守恒,且会增加计算成本
MAC法	通过设置标记点的方式跟踪自由面	标记点是质量点,可以不参与计算,无需考虑稳定性问题	①计算效率较低 ②需要设置相当多的标记点才能得到较准确的自由面

文献	结构物	自由面处理	造波/消波方法	波浪	数值计算物理量
Choi等^[57]	竖直和倾斜立柱	VOF法	源项造波/人工阻尼消波	破碎波	(破碎)波浪砰击力
Kamath等^[58]	直立圆柱	Level-Set法	波浪松弛区域法^[59]/主动式消波	规则波(破碎)	波浪砰击力
Bihs等^[60]	直立圆柱、矩形墩柱	Level-Set法	波浪松弛区域法	规则波(破碎)、孤立波	(破碎)波浪作用力
Wang等^[61]	半潜式平台	VOF法	源项造波/阻尼项消波	内孤立波	水平波浪力、垂向波浪力、纵摇力矩
Ding等^[62]	半潜式平台	VOF法	波浪松弛区域法	内孤立波	水平与垂向波浪力系数、纵摇力矩系数
Henry等^[5]	摆式波浪能转换装置	VOF法/ SPH法	源项造波/阻尼项消波	五阶Stokes波	砰击压力、波浪板的转动角度
Martínez-Ferrer 等^[64]	摆式波浪能转换装置	VOF法	仿物理造波/主动式消波	规则波、聚焦波	砰击压力、波浪板的转动角度
Shibata等^[65]	油轮	MPS法	边界的粒子数变化	规则波	垂荡位移、纵摇角