Matching Characteristics of Expansion Valve Opening and Flow Rate of High Temperature Heat Pump with Green Refrigerant HP-1

doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.155

Abstract

Abstract:

The throttling process, as an important part of the heat pump system, plays a crucial role in the efficient and reliable operation of the whole system. This paper, taking the quasi two-stage compression high-temperature heat pump with green refrigerant HP-1 as the research subject, established the mathematical models of the circulatory system and electronic expansion valve by using MATLAB and considering the influence of the opening of electronic expansion valve and thermodynamic properties of the new green refrigerant. It simulated the matching characteristics of electronic expansion valve opening and flow rate under variable operating conditions, and fitted the HP-1 dimensionless flow coefficient correlation by power-law distribution using experimental data. The research results show that the electronic expansion valve with an elliptical conical body structure adapts to the throttling characteristics of the HP-1 high-temperature heat pump system under variable operating conditions. When the evaporating temperature varies from 50 ℃ to 90 ℃ and the condensing temperature varies from 60 ℃ to 120 ℃, the opening adjustment range of this type of valve body is from 49.8% to 69.8% for the main throttle valve, and from 41.5% to 56.0% for the injection throttle valve. The relative deviation of the fitted correlation results and the actual test data is between -7.8% and +7.5%, and the flow coefficient correlation can accurately predict the flow characteristics of the electronic expansion valve with a similar body structure. The selection of favorable electronic expansion valve matching refrigerant properties and the optimization of the electronic expansion valve control system are essential for the actual operating performance. This study provides a good research foundation for the selection of electronic expansion valves and the optimization of the control system for the HP-1 high temperature heat pump.

Key words: HP-1 high temperature heat pump, electronic expansion valves, flow characteristics, experimental research, experimental correlation

CLC Number:

TB61+5
TB653

WANG Yuehan, NAN Xiaohong, OUYANG Hongsheng, GUO Zhikai, HU Bin, WANG Ruzhu. Matching Characteristics of Expansion Valve Opening and Flow Rate of High Temperature Heat Pump with Green Refrigerant HP-1[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2023, 57(10): 1367-1377.

Figures/Tables 14

Tab.1

Fig.1

Tab.2

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Tab.3

Fig.8

Fig.9

Tab.4

Fig.10

References 35

[1]	柴麒敏. 中国新达峰目标与碳中和愿景的政策展望[J]. 世界环境, 2021(1): 20-22.
	CHAI Qimin. Policy outlook on China’s new goal of peaking carbon dioxide emissions and vision of carbon neutrality[J]. World Environment, 2021(1): 20-22.
[2]	IEA. Word energy outlook 2019[M]. Paris, France: International Energy Agency, 2019.
[3]	COOPER S J G, HAMMOND G P, HEWITT N, et al. Energy saving potential of high temperature heat pumps in the UK Food and Drink sector[J]. Energy Procedia, 2019, 161(2): 142-149. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.073 URL
[4]	KOSMADAKIS G. Estimating the potential of industrial (high-temperature) heat pumps for exploiting waste heat in EU industries[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 156(25): 287-298. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.082 URL
[5]	ARPAGAUS C, FREDERIC B, UHLMANN M, et al. High temperature heat pumps: Market overview, state of the art, research status, refrigerants, and application potentials[J]. Energy, 2018, 152(3): 985-1010. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.166 URL
[6]	沈九兵, 郭霆, 武晓昆, 等. 单级/复叠双制式热泵干燥系统设计与试验研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2018, 54(10): 218-224. doi: 10.3901/JME.2018.10.218
	SHEN Jiubing, GUO Ting, WU Xiaokun, et al. Design and experimental study of a heat pump dryer with dual models of single stage and cascade cycles[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(10): 218-224. doi: 10.3901/JME.2018.10.218
[7]	杨梦, 张华, 孟照峰, 等. 新型环保高温工质HFO-1336 mzz(Z)的研究进展[J]. 制冷学报, 2019, 40(6): 46-52.
	YANG Meng, ZHANG Hua, MENG Zhaofeng, et al. Research progress of the new environmentally friendly high temperature refrigerant HFO-1336 mzz(Z)[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2019, 40(6): 46-52.
[8]	ABAS N, KALAIR A R, KHAN N, et al. Natural and synthetic refrigerants, global warming: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 90(3): 557-569. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.099 URL
[9]	MATEU R C, NAVARRO E J, MOTA B A, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of low GWP alternatives to HFC-245fa in high-temperature heat pumps: HCFO-1224yd(Z), HCFO-1233zd(E) and HFO-1336 mzz(Z)[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 152(2): 762-777.
[10]	MATEU R C, MOTA B A, NAVARRO E J. Comparative analysis of HFO-1234ze(E) and R-515B as low GWP alternatives to HFC-134a in moderately high temperature heat pumps[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 124(4): 197-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.12.023 URL
[11]	KONDOU C, KOYAMA S. Thermodynamic assessment of high-temperature heat pumps using low-GWP HFO refrigerants for heat recovery[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration-Revue Internationale Du Froid, 2015, 53(5): 126-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.09.018 URL
[12]	LONGO G A, MANCIN S, RIGHETTI G, et al.Assessment of the low-GWP refrigerants R600a HFO-1234ze(Z) and HFO-1233zd(E) for heat pump and organic Rankine cycle applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 167(25): 114804. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114804 URL
[13]	KONTOMARIS K, KONSTANTINOS M.Use of E-1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene in heat pumps: AU2013296453[P]. 2015-01-29[2022-05-10].
[14]	ORKIN V L, MARTYNOVA L E, KURYLO M J. Photochemical Properties of trans-1-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene (trans-CHCl=CHCF3): OH Reaction Rate Constant, UV and IR Absorption Spectra, GWP and ODP[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2014, 118(28): 5263-5271. doi: 10.1021/jp5018949 URL
[15]	张于峰, 孔令腾, 于晓慧, 等. 一种高温热泵制冷剂的理论和实验研究[J]. 天津大学学报, 2016, 49(3): 314-319.
	ZHANG Yufeng, KONG Lingteng, YU Xiaohui. et al. Theoretical and experimental study on a high temperature heat pump refrigerant[J]. Journal of Tianjin University, 2016, 49(3): 314-319.
[16]	ZHANG Y, ZHANG Y, YU X. et al. Analysis of a high temperature heat pump using BY-5 as refrigerant[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 127(25): 1461-1468. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.072 URL
[17]	欧阳洪生, 郭智恺, 张琦炎, 等. 一种组合物及其应用: CN201910158918.1[P]. 2020-07-07[2022-05-10].
	OUYANG Hongsheng, GUO Zhikai, ZHANG Qi-yan, et al. A composition and its application: CN201910158918.1[P]. 2020-07-07[2022-05-10].
[18]	胡鹏荣, 陶乐仁, 何俊, 等. 电子膨胀阀开度对R32水源热泵系统性能的影响[J]. 制冷学报, 2020, 41(3): 111-116.
	HU Pengrong, TAO Leren, HE Jun, et al. Influence of the degree of opening of electronic expansion valve on performance of R32 water source heat pump system[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 41(3): 111-116.
[19]	虞中旸, 陶乐仁, 袁朝阳, 等. 电子膨胀阀调节对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响[J]. 制冷学报, 2017, 38(5): 65-70.
	YU Zhongyang, TAO Leren, YUAN Chaoyang, et al. Effects of control for electronic expansion valve on performance of air-source heat-pump water heater[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 38(5): 65-70.
[20]	APREA C, MASTRULLO R. Experimental evaluation of electronic and thermostatic expansion valves performances using R22 and R407C[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2002, 22(2): 205-218. doi: 10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00071-0 URL
[21]	PARK C, CHO H, LEE Y, et al. Mass flow characteristics and empirical modeling of R22 and R410A flowing through electronic expansion valve[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2007, 30(8): 1401-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.03.011 URL
[22]	CAO X, LI Z, SHAO L, et al. Refrigerant flow through electronic expansion valve: Experimental and neural network modeling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 92(9): 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.062 URL
[23]	CHEN T, CHA D A, KWON O K, et al. Experimental investigation on mass flow characteristics of R245fa through electronic expansion valve[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 125(6): 111-117. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.127 URL
[24]	LIU C, HOU Y, MA J, et al. Experimental study on the CO₂ flow characteristics through electronic expansion valves in heat pump[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016, 69(5): 106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.05.005 URL
[25]	MATEU R C, NAVARRO E J, MOTA B A, et al. Theoretical evaluation of different high-temperature heat pump configurations for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 90(6): 229-237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.04.017 URL
[26]	HU B, WU D, WANG L, et al. Exergy analysis of R1234ze(Z) as high temperature heat pump working fluid with multi-stage compression[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2017, 11(4): 493-502. doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0510-6
[27]	MATEU R C, ARPAGAUS C, MOTA B A. Advanced high temperature heat pump configurations using low GWP refrigerants for industrial waste heat recovery: A comprehensive study[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 229(5): 113752. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113752 URL
[28]	WU D, HU B, WANG R. Performance simulation and exergy analysis of a hybrid source heat pump system with low GWP refrigerants[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 116(10): 775-785. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.024 URL
[29]	张川, 马善伟, 陈江平, 等. 电子膨胀阀制冷剂流量系数经验模型的试验研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2005, 41(11): 63-69.
	ZHANG Chuan, MA Shanwei, CHEN Jiangping, et al. Experimental research on empirical model of flow coefficient of electronic expansion valve[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2005, 41(11): 63-69.
[30]	马善伟, 张川, 陈江平, 等. 电子膨胀阀制冷剂流量系数的试验研究[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2005, 39(2): 247-250.
	MA Shanwei, ZHANG Chuan, CHEN Jiangping, et al. Experimental research on electronic expansion valve refrigerant flow coefficient[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2005, 39(2): 247-250.
[31]	张乐平, 张早校, 郁永章. 电子膨胀阀流量特性及选型的分析[J]. 流体机械, 2000, 28(12): 51-53.
	ZHANG Leping, ZHANG Zaoxiao, YU Yongzhang. The analysis of the flow characteristic and model selection about the electronic expansion valve[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2000, 28(12): 51-53.
[32]	李文清. 电子膨胀阀的性能特性分析[D]. 天津: 天津商业大学, 2020.
	LI Wenqing. Performance anlysis of electronic expansion valve[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University of Commerce, 2020.
[33]	马善伟, 张川, 陈江平, 等. 电子膨胀阀制冷剂质量流量系数的试验研究[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2006, 40(2): 282-285.
	MA Shanwei, ZHANG Chuan, CHEN Jiangping, et al. Experimental study on electronic expansion valve refrigerant flow coefficient[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2006, 40(2): 282-285.
[34]	段远源, 张重华, 林鸿, 等. 环保制冷剂表面张力的预估方程[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2001, 23(3): 278-280.
	DUAN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Chonghua, LIN Hong, et al. The prediction of surface tension for HFCs and HCFCs[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2001, 23(3): 278-280.
[35]	CHOI J, JIN T C, KIM Y. A generalized correlation for two-phase flow of alternative refrigerants through short tube orifices[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2004, 27(4): 393-400. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2003.11.008 URL

参数	HP-1	R245fa
临界温度/℃	150.21	153.86
临界压力/MPa	3.533	3.651
冷凝压力^a/MPa	2.026 6	1.930 4
蒸发压力^b/MPa	0.390 74	0.344 21
标准沸点/℃	9.75	15.05
压力比^a,b	5.19	5.61
ODP	0	0
GWP	<1	858
ASHRAE Std 34安全等级	A2L	B1

参数	假定值
压缩机吸气过热度/℃	5
蒸发器入水温度/℃	60~100
冷凝器出水温度/℃	55~115
换热器进出水温差/℃	5
中间换热器过冷度/℃	30
冷凝器过冷度/℃	2
蒸发器侧制冷量/kW	94
补气过热度/℃	0

仪器	型号	精度
温度传感器	PT1000(补气温度)	±0.1 ℃
	PT1000(压缩机吸气温度)	±0.1 ℃
	PT100	±0.1 ℃
压力传感器	XSK-AC10B-107(低压侧)	±3%
	XSK-AC10B-107(高压侧)	±3%
电磁流量计	AE206MG	±0.5%

无量纲参数π	参数选取	影响考虑
π₁	(p_in-p_out)/p_cri	进出口压力
π₂	T_sub/T_cri	入口过冷度
π₃	ρ_inv_out	进口密度、出口比容
π₄	σ/(d_maxp_in)	表面张力
π₅	φ	电子膨胀阀开度