QP980钢拉伸过程的晶体塑性模拟
上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院, 上海 200240
Crystal Plasticity Modeling of Tension Process of QP980 Steel
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
通讯作者: 李大永,男,教授,博士生导师,电话(Tel.):021- 34206313;E-mail:dyli@sjtu.edu.cn.
责任编辑: 陈晓燕
收稿日期: 2020-11-20
基金资助: |
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Received: 2020-11-20
作者简介 About authors
杨浩(1992-),男,安徽省合肥市人,博士生,从事晶体塑性与马氏体相变研究.
淬火配分QP980钢变形过程中存在马氏体相变,对材料的力学性能产生明显影响.通过电子背散射衍射方法表征了QP980钢变形前后的微观组织,基于马氏体相变晶体学唯象理论建立了考虑相变的弹-黏塑性自洽多晶体塑性模型,模拟了QP980钢在单向拉伸过程中的宏观流动应力和织构演化.材料初始包含铁素体(F)、马氏体和残余奥氏体(RA),各相均为轧制织构,变形后残余奥氏体含量明显减少,残余奥氏体的<111>丝织构、铁素体和马氏体的<110>丝织构在拉伸方向有明显增强.相变提高了材料的强度和加工硬化率,但对各相的织构演化影响很小.根据计算变形过程中应变和应力的分配情况,铁素体和回火马氏体对变形起主要作用,变形过程中新生马氏体的应力最大,成为断裂的潜在萌生点.
关键词:
The mechanical behavior of the quenching and partitioning 980 (QP980) steel is affected by martensitic transformation during deformation. The microstructure of QP980 steel before and after deformation is characterized by using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method. An elastic visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) polycrystalline model considering phase transformation is established based on the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography (PTMC). The macroscopic flow stress as well as texture evolution of QP980 steel during uniaxial tension process is reproduced by the model. The material consists of ferrite (F), martensite, and retained austenite (RA) with rolling texture in the initial state. After deformation, the content of RA decreases and the <111> fiber of the RA, the <110> fiber of the ferrite and martensite along the tensile direction are enhanced. Phase transformation enhances the strength and work hardening rate but has little effect on the texture evolution. According to the distribution of stress and strain during the calculation of deformation, ferrite and tempered martensite (TM) contribute most to the deformation, and the new martensite (NM) is the most probable nucleation sites of fracture due to its highest average stress.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
杨浩, 汪华苗, 李大永.
YANG Hao, WANG Huamiao, LI Dayong.
以往研究从实验和理论建模的角度对QP钢的变形行为进行了分析.实验上,通过纳米压痕[5]、微柱压缩[6]、高能X射线衍射(HEXRD)[7]及中子衍射[8]等方法研究了QP钢中各相的力学行为以及相变动力学,或是采用不同温度、不同应变率[9]以及不同加载模式[10]研究了加载条件对相变行为及力学行为的影响.在理论建模方面,一般分为现象学模型和微观晶体塑性模型.其中,现象学模型一般从实验现象出发,首先建立与温度、应变率、应力三轴度及罗德角的相变动力学方程[11],描述残余奥氏体相体积分数的演化规律,然后在本构模型中引入残余奥氏体体积分数项,从而建立考虑相变的现象学本构关系.现象学本构模型能够很好地描述材料的宏观变形行为,且计算效率高,但无法描述材料变形过程中微观结构的演化规律.晶体塑性模型从晶粒层面出发,首先通过晶粒内部微观变形机制建立单晶体本构关系,然后将单晶体通过自洽(SC)方式或有限元法(FEM)结合起来,从而描述多晶体的变形行为.目前针对QP钢的晶体塑性模型研究还较少,有的只讨论了宏观力学性能及各相微观力学性能,而没有讨论各相织构的演化过程[6],有的甚至忽略了相变的影响,仅仅建立了多相结构的晶体塑性模型[12,13].
本文以QP980钢为研究对象,首先利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)方法表征了材料的微观组织,包含铁素体、马氏体和残余奥氏体,并通过铁素体相和马氏体相灰度的差异将其分离,得到每一相的初始织构.然后基于马氏体相变晶体学唯象理论(PTMC)和弹-黏塑性自洽(EVPSC)多晶体塑性模型建立了考虑相变的多晶体塑性模型,模拟了QP980单向拉伸过程中的宏观流动应力和微观织构演化.在此基础上,定量分析了相变对QP980宏观流动应力和加工硬化率的影响.最后,通过计算材料变形过程中应变和应力的配分情况,分析了各相对宏观变形的贡献.
1 考虑相变的晶体塑性模型
1.1 单晶体本构模型
式中:dp为铁素体/回火马氏体单晶塑性应变率;
式中:
奥氏体单晶的塑性应变率还包括相变应变率,计算方法见下文.
1.2 相变模型
(1) 当奥氏体晶粒内部累计塑性剪切量达到临界值时,发生相变.
(2) 由于QP980钢中残余奥氏体含量(指体积分数,下同)较少,含量约10%,新生马氏体对整体马氏体的织构影响较小.因此,为了提高计算效率,对于一个奥氏体晶粒,只允许相变势最大[21]的变体产生.
(3) 新生马氏体作为一个新的晶粒,其初始轴比为10:10:1的椭球,初始应力状态与母相奥氏体晶粒相同,初始为弹性状态,弹性应变可由应力状态和弹性刚度阵计算.
(4) 新生马氏体与母相奥氏体之间为Kurdjumov-Sachs取向关系,相变本征应变的计算方法参见文献[22].
(5) 新生马氏体的体积分数演化遵循O-C公式,具体为[23]
式中:f为单个奥氏体晶粒发生相变后剩余的奥氏体的体积分数;β1、β2及β3为相变参数.单晶奥氏体相变应变率的计算方法为
1.3 多晶体自洽模型
在自洽模型中,假设单个晶粒为椭球体,夹杂于一个均匀的等效介质体中,等效介质的力学性质是所有单晶的体积平均,通过Eshelby夹杂理论求解单晶体与等效介质间的相互作用,可以建立单晶与多晶体的相互作用方程:
式中:
2 微观结构
QP980钢初始态EBSD分析结果如图1所示,图中ϕ及φ1,φ2为欧拉角的3个分量.微观组织包含铁素体、回火马氏体以及残余奥氏体.铁素体和回火马氏体为基体相,约占90%,采用灰度图表示,奥氏体约占10%,采用红色标识.铁素体相呈等轴状,晶粒尺寸(晶粒体积对应等效球的直径,下同)约为8.53 μm,回火马氏体多呈板条状,晶粒尺寸约为4.52 μm.奥氏体呈现线条状和颗粒状,分布于铁素体和回火马氏体之间,晶粒尺寸约为0.85 μm.铁素体灰度值高,回火马氏体灰度值低,这是由于铁素体的位错密度比回火马氏体低,所以在EBSD扫描结果下其成像质量更高,从而灰度值更高.铁素体和回火马氏体的灰度值分布图中,灰度分布呈现双峰结构,通过设置合理的阈值可以将两相分离[24].初始态下φ2=45° 取向分布函数(ODF)图表明,奥氏体相的择优取向为(112)<
图1
图1
QP980钢初始态EBSD分析结果及各相织构
Fig.1
EBSD results of QP980 in the initial state and the textures of each phase
3 结果与讨论
3.1 宏观机械性能与微观结构演化
模型的硬化参数和相变参数见表1.QP980的宏观应力应变曲线和残余奥氏体的体积分数演化的模拟结果与实验对比见图2(a),图中:ε为真应变;σ和
表1 各相硬化参数和残余奥氏体相变参数
Tab.1
相 | 滑移系 | β1 | β2 | β3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥氏体 | {111}<110> | 240 | 1 | 800 | 20 | 6.26 | 0.57 | 2 |
铁素体 | {110}<111>+{112}<111> | 190 | 150 | 1200 | 150 | |||
回火马氏体 | {110}<111>+{112}<111> | 390 | 50 | 600 | 50 | |||
新生马氏体 | {110}<111>+{112}<111> | 450 | 40 | 2500 | 2200 |
图2
图2
模型计算结果与实验结果的对比
Fig.2
Comparison of model calculation results and experimental results
变形量为0.15时奥氏体、铁素体和马氏体的实验织构和计算织构对比见图3.奥氏体在变形后,(112)<
图3
图3
应变量为0.15时的各相织构的计算结果与实验结果对比
Fig.3
Comparison of calculated results of each phase texture with experimental results at a strain of 0.15
3.2 相变对宏观机械性能与微观结构演化的影响
图4
图4
相变对应力应变曲线和加工硬化率的影响
Fig.4
Effect of phase transformation on stress strain curve and work hardening rate
3.3 各相对塑性变形的贡献及微机械性能
各相对塑性变形的贡献如图5(a)所示,图中
图5
图5
各相对变形的贡献作用和微机械性能
Fig.5
Contribution of each phase to deformation and micro-mechanical properties of each phase
各相的平均等效应力随宏观等效应变的变化如图5(b)所示,图中σeq为von Mises等效应力.残余奥氏体的屈服强度约为600 MPa,铁素体的屈服强度约为490 MPa,而回火马氏体的屈服强度约为 790 MPa,新生马氏体的屈服强度约为920 MPa.在变形初期(变形量小于5%),铁素体的等效应力最低,残余奥氏体的等效应力次之.随着变形量的增加,铁素体内的等效应力会逐渐超过残余奥氏体的等效应力,说明铁素体的硬化速度比奥氏体的硬化速度更快.回火马氏体在整个变形过程中几乎不发生硬化,接近理想弹塑性,而新生马氏体在整个变形过程中始终保持较高的应力和硬化速度,最有可能是断裂的萌生位置.
4 结论
基于PTMC和EVPSC框架,建立了考虑相变的微观本构模型,并以第三代先进高强钢QP980为研究对象,模拟了单向拉伸变形中宏观流动应力和织构演化过程,研究了相变对流动应力和织构演化的影响以及各相的微机械性能对塑性变形的贡献,结果如下:
(1) QP980冷轧钢板初始包含铁素体(37.5%),马氏体(52%)和残余奥氏体(10.5%),各相均为典型的轧制织构,在沿着轧制方向拉伸变形后,残余奥氏体<111>丝织构、铁素体和马氏体的<110>丝织构有明显的增强.
(2) 相变能够明显增加QP980钢的强度和加工硬化率,而对材料织构演化几乎没有影响.
(3) 铁素体和回火马氏体对QP980的塑性变形起主要作用,变形过程中新生马氏体的应力最大,可能成为断裂的萌生位置.
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