上海交通大学学报

上海交通大学学报, 2024, 58(3): 304-311 doi: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.454

机械与动力工程

燃气轮机中心分级燃烧器天然气掺氢燃烧的受迫振荡特性

史挺, 金明, 葛冰,, 臧述升

上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200240

Forced Oscillation Characteristics of Natural Gas Mixed with Hydrogen Combustion in Gas Turbine Central Staged Burner

SHI Ting, JIN Ming, GE Bing,, ZANG Shusheng

School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

通讯作者: 葛 冰,副教授,博士生导师,电话(Tel.):021-34206709;E-mail:Gebing@sjtu.edu.cn.

责任编辑: 王一凡

收稿日期: 2022-11-11   修回日期: 2022-12-4   接受日期: 2022-12-14  

基金资助: 国家科技重大专项(HT-J2019-III-0020-0064)
国家自然科学基金(51876123)

Received: 2022-11-11   Revised: 2022-12-4   Accepted: 2022-12-14  

作者简介 About authors

史挺(1997-),博士生,从事燃气轮机掺氢燃烧及燃烧振荡抑制技术研究.

摘要

天然气掺氢燃烧是燃气轮机机组降低碳排放重要措施之一,但掺氢燃料的组分变化会导致燃烧室火焰结构及燃烧稳定性发生变化.为分析中心分级燃烧器掺氢燃烧条件下的燃烧不稳定性问题,通过试验研究了燃烧器入口速度扰动下,不同掺氢比对中心分级掺氢燃烧的瞬态火焰结构、压力以及热释放响应的影响,并利用本征正交分解(POD)法提取了火焰脉动的特征模态,发现其主要包含火焰干涉区强脉动和轴向扰动两种模态.试验结果表明,随着掺氢体积比从0%增大到30%,火焰前沿向上游移动,两级火焰间距缩短,火焰干涉对应的脉动模态的能量占比增大,加强了压力与热释放的耦合,导致燃烧室内的压力响应增大9%,热释放响应增大37%.

关键词： 中心分级燃烧器; 天然气掺氢; 受迫振荡; 本征正交分解

Abstract

Natural gas mixed with hydrogen combustion is one of the important measures to reduce carbon emissions of gas turbine. However, the composition change of fuel will lead to changes in the flame structure and combustion stability of the combustor. In order to analyze the combustion instability of natural gas mixed with hydrogen combustion in the central staged burner, the effects of different hydrogen doping ratios on the transient flame structure, pressure and heat release response of the central staged combustion are experimentally studied. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is used to extract the characteristic modes of flame pulsation. It is found that the flame pulsation mainly includes two modes: a strong pulsation in the interference zone of flame and an axial disturbance. The experimental results show that as the volume ratio of hydrogen doped increases from 0% to 30%, the flame front moves upstream, the spacing between two staged flames is shortened, the energy proportion of pulsation mode corresponding to the flame interference increases, and the coupling of pressure and heat release is strengthened, which ultimately results in a 9% increase in pressure response and a 37% increase in heat release response in the combustor.

Keywords： central staged burner; natural gas mixed with hydrogen; forced oscillation; proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)

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本文引用格式

史挺, 金明, 葛冰, 臧述升. 燃气轮机中心分级燃烧器天然气掺氢燃烧的受迫振荡特性[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2024, 58(3): 304-311 doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.454

SHI Ting, JIN Ming, GE Bing, ZANG Shusheng. Forced Oscillation Characteristics of Natural Gas Mixed with Hydrogen Combustion in Gas Turbine Central Staged Burner[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2024, 58(3): 304-311 doi:10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.454

天然气掺氢燃烧技术由于燃烧效率高、燃烧速率快、贫燃极限宽、碳排放性能好[1-2],得到了国内外的广泛关注.但是氢气燃烧的火焰传播速度是天然气的8倍[3],并且燃烧温度比天然气更高,燃烧流场与火焰结构存在差异[4-5],天然气掺氢燃烧随着掺氢比例的增加,容易出现回火、振荡[6-7],并且会改变火焰的吹熄极限速度[8].因此,使用天然气掺氢燃料的燃烧器需要克服一系列问题,尤其是燃烧不稳定性问题.

针对天然气掺氢燃烧不稳定性问题,国内外学者利用光学可视化测试技术开展了大量研究.贾亮等[9]通过试验发现高掺氢比会增强火焰的不稳定性.Figura等[10]的研究表明随着氢气浓度的增加,火焰自激振荡的模态和频率发生变化,火焰的振荡特性受到火焰形状和火焰位置的影响.Davis等[11]在相同的进气流速下,通过试验比较了纯甲烷火焰和富氢甲烷火焰的拓扑结构,结果表明,火焰长度越短,富氢火焰的波动越大.Giezendanner等[12]以及Ge等[13]也通过试验发现了火焰的燃烧不稳定与火焰结构变化的强相关性.为了研究掺氢燃烧不稳定的驱动机理,研究人员也开展了受迫振荡研究.Yilmaz等[14]通过简单旋流火焰的受迫振荡试验发现,随着氢气浓度的增加,火焰的热声耦合和压缩显著增加,这种效应会增强非激励频率下的火焰响应,但降低了激励频率下的耦合强度.

虽然针对天然气掺氢燃烧开展了大量研究,但是目前研究工作主要集中在单旋流燃烧上,针对具有实际工业结构的中心分级燃烧器的研究较少.在中心分级燃烧器中,值班级火焰与主燃级火焰存在强烈干涉,火焰间的相互作用非常复杂,在燃烧稳定性方面表现出与单旋流燃烧器完全不同的特性,因此掺氢比对中心分级燃烧的动态响应特性及火焰耦合的影响还需要进一步研究.本文通过试验研究中心分级天然气掺氢火焰的受迫振荡特性,在中心分级燃烧器入口上游施加轴向速度扰动,探究不同掺氢比例下的火焰结构和动态响应特性,从火焰干涉角度分析了分级掺氢火焰的受迫振荡机理.

1 试验装置及研究方法

1.1 试验装置与工况

试验采用的中心分级掺氢燃烧不稳定性可视化试验平台如图1所示,主要由供气系统、燃料系统、阻抗管、中心分级燃烧器、模型燃烧室和扬声器组成.阻抗管长270 mm,内径43.5 mm.在阻抗管中设置两个轴向距离为60 mm的传声器PA和PB,中心分级燃烧器安装在阻抗管末端.模型燃烧室横截面为方形,尺寸为140 mm×140 mm.燃烧室侧壁上有两个石英窗口,用于光学测量.本文所使用的中心分级燃烧器的详细结构如图2所示,由1级值班旋流器、2级值班旋流器与主燃旋流器组成,其旋流数分别为0.73、0.58和0.73.值班级采用非预混燃烧的方式,产生扩散火焰,以保证燃烧的稳定性;主燃级采用贫预混燃烧方式.

图1

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图1   火焰受迫振荡试验平台示意图

Fig.1   Diagram of experimental platform of flame forced oscillation


图2

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图2   中心分级燃烧器结构示意图

Fig.2   Structure diagram of central staged burner


燃烧器入口速度扰动由扬声器提供,扰动幅值采用双传声器法测量[15],将传声器PA与PB测量的压力波动转变为速度脉动,传声器型号为PCB 130F20,灵敏度为12 mV/Pa.燃烧室动态压力采用Kulite XTL-190M动态压力传感器测量.由于OH*的光辐射信号和热释放强度有线性关系[16],全局火焰热释放率通过HAMAMATSU H10723-210光电倍增管(PMT)和波长范围为(307±10) nm的OH*带通滤光片测得.上述参数采样频率均为 5 000 Hz,并基于NI-DAQ 6284同步采集卡和LabView软件实现同步采集.瞬态火焰结构通过VEO 710L互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)高速照相机和波长范围为(432±10) nm的CH*带通滤光片拍摄,拍摄频率为 1 000 Hz,拍摄的范围为 70 mm×80 mm,如图2所示.

试验中燃烧器入口平均空气流速为10.1 m/s,燃烧室入口雷诺数为 22 500.为避免燃烧室的自激振荡对受迫振荡的影响,控制值班级和主燃级的当量比为1.3和0.6不变,在此当量比下燃烧稳定,无明显自激振荡产生.在此工况下,测量45~345 Hz 内火焰传递函数的幅值G(f)=H'/H-u'/u-来表征在不同频率激励下的燃烧室火焰响应特性,其中H'与u'分别为热释放率和入口速度的波动值,H-和u-分别为热释放率和入口速度的均值,结果如图3所示.结果显示,在155 Hz的激励下,热释放率响应最大,因此在试验中选择155 Hz的激励频率进行试验.

图3

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图3   不同频率激励下的燃烧室火焰传递函数幅值变化

Fig.3   Amplitude change of combustor FTF at different frequency excitations


为研究掺氢比的影响,改变主燃级燃料的掺氢体积比Rv=0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,试验工况如表1所示.

表1   变Rv试验工况

Tab.1  Experimental scheme of variable Rv

工况编号Rv/%空气质量
流量/(g·s-1)		主燃级氢气
质量流量/(g·s-1)		主燃级天然气
质量流量/(g·s-1)		值班级天然气
质量流量/(g·s-1)
1019.40.000 00.5500.142
21019.40.007 20.5190.142
32019.40.015 20.4860.142
43019.40.024 00.4490.142

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1.2 数据处理方法

利用本征正交分解(POD)方法对试验中高速照相机采集到的CH*荧光图像数据进行分解,提取火焰脉动的主要特征,考察火焰结构的变化.POD法是一种用于提取高频瞬态物理场中主要特征结构的方法,如湍流流场和旋流火焰中的大尺度相干结构[17].使用Classical POD的方法处理瞬态火焰结构.POD方法将时间序列的CH*荧光强度场I(x,t) 分解为特征函数ψi(x)和时间系数ai(t):

I(x,t)= ∑i=1M[ai(t)ψi(x)]

POD分解需要建立相关矩阵:

C= 1M(IT(x,t)I(x,t))

式中:M为时间维度上的采样个数.

对相关矩阵C进行特征值和特征向量分解,其特征向量为时间系数ai=[a1ia2i … aMi],特征值λi表征与特征向量相关的脉动能量.所获得的火焰第i阶POD模态为

ψi(x)= 1Mλi∑m=1Mami(Im- I-)

式中:Im为瞬时的CH*荧光强度场;I-为时间平均的CH*荧光强度场.

2 结果与分析

2.1 火焰结构变化

在155 Hz的激励频率下,天然气掺氢火焰呈现强周期性的脉动,为了研究掺氢比对于火焰脉动规律的影响,提取了在上述入口扰动频率下,不同掺氢比火焰的CH*荧光强度ICH*分布在1个振荡周期内的变化情况,如图4所示,图中φ为脉动的相位.结果表明,不同掺氢比的火焰瞬态脉动的模式较为相似,均为火焰被吹向下游—火焰脱落—上游再次点燃这一周期性过程.

图4

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图4   不同掺氢比火焰的CH*荧光强度分布在一个振荡周期内的变化情况及时均火焰结构

Fig.4   Time-averaged flame structure and change of CH* fluorescence intensity distribution of flame with different hydrogen doping ratios in an oscillation period


此外,分析了火焰结构随掺氢比的变化特性,如图5所示.图中:h为火焰高度;l为两级火焰质心间距.将时均图像进行维纳滤波与二值化处理,提取了值班级与主燃级火焰非干涉区的火焰边界,获取了不同掺氢比下的h变化规律,如图6所示;并提取了值班级火焰和主燃级火焰的质心,得到了l随Rv变化的规律,如图7所示.从结果中可以发现,随着Rv的增大,火焰高度减小,火焰前沿向上游移动,火焰根部的反应加强,并且值班级与主燃级火焰质心的距离明显缩短,导致了两级火焰之间的干涉更加强烈.

图5

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图5   火焰结构特征量提取方法

Fig.5   Extraction method of flame structure feature


图6

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图6   火焰高度h随Rv变化

Fig.6   Flame height h versus Rv


图7

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图7   两级火焰质心距离l随Rv变化

Fig.7   Mass center distance l of two staged flames versus Rv


为了详细研究掺氢比对于火焰脉动的影响机理,对每个掺氢比下采集到的700 张CH*荧光信号分布照片进行POD分解,提取其主要的脉动模态,得到各工况的前3阶模态Mode 1、Mode 2、Mode 3及对应时间系数ai如图8所示,以及火焰POD一阶模态的能量占比εModel随Rv的变化趋势,如图9所示.

图8

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图8   不同掺氢比下的火焰POD模态及对应时间系数

Fig.8   Flame POD modes and time coefficient at different hydrogen doping ratios


图9

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图9   火焰POD一阶模态能量占比随Rv的变化

Fig.9   First order mode energy ratio of flame POD versus Rv


对其模态进行分析,一阶模态的波峰处于主燃级火焰与值班级火焰的干涉区,因此一阶模态由值班级和主燃级火焰间的干涉控制;二阶模态的波峰波谷在两级火焰的非干涉区,表征的是入口空气扰动直接引发的火焰轴向脉动,并且可以发现Rv的变化对于模态本身的波峰波谷分布影响不大.另外,时间系数变化曲线显示,不同掺氢比下的一阶模态和二阶模态的相位差均为0.6π,掺氢比对于火焰脉动相位变化的影响很小.

分析Rv对于能量最高的一阶模态能量占比εModel的影响,可以发现,随着Rv的增大,εModel逐渐增大.这是由于燃料中掺氢使得主燃火焰向燃烧室上游收缩,主燃火焰与值班火焰间的干涉加强,最终导致由火焰干涉主导的脉动模态即εModel增强.

2.2 压力与热释放响应特性

为研究燃烧室内压力对上游速度扰动的响应特性,对不同掺氢比的火焰采集了燃烧室内的压力脉动p,并进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT),结果如图10所示,当Rv>20%时,燃烧室内出现310 Hz的倍频压力脉动,并且随着Rv的增大,倍频压力脉动的幅值逐渐增大.

图10

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图10   155 Hz激励下燃烧室内压力脉动FFT结果

Fig.10   FFT result of pressure pulsation in combustor in 155 Hz excitation


为了比较不同掺氢比下的燃烧室内压力响应大小,提取了激励频率155 Hz下的燃烧室内压力脉动主频幅值,如图11所示.结果显示,随着Rv的增大,燃烧室内压力脉动主频幅值呈现增大趋势;Rv=30%的工况相比不掺氢的工况,压力脉动主频幅值增大了9%.

图11

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图11   155 Hz激励下燃烧室内压力脉动主频幅值随Rv的变化

Fig.11   Main frequency amplitude of pressure pulsation in combustor changing with Rv in 155 Hz excitation


同时也与压力信号同步采集了不同掺氢比下的燃烧室内的全局OH*光辐射信号脉动来表征全局热释放脉动H,并进行快速傅里叶变换,结果如图12所示.从图中可以发现,所有工况除受迫频率下的响应外,均存在310 Hz的倍频热释放响应,并且随着Rv的增大其幅值逐渐增大.

图12

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图12   155 Hz激励下燃烧室内热释放脉动FFT结果

Fig.12   FFT result of heat release pulsation in combustor in 155 Hz excitation


为了比较不同掺氢比下的燃烧室内热释放响应大小,提取了激励频率155 Hz下的燃烧室内热释放脉动主频幅值,如图13所示.结果显示,Rv=30%的工况相比不掺氢的工况,热释放脉动主频幅值增大了37%;且随着Rv的增大,燃烧室内热释放脉动主频幅值变化趋势与压力脉动以及火焰POD一阶模态的能量占比相同,均呈现增大趋势,这也表明燃烧室内的压力受迫响应与火焰热释放及火焰形态响应间存在强相关性.

图13

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图13   155 Hz激励下燃烧室内热释放脉动主频幅值随Rv的变化

Fig.13   Main frequency amplitude of heat release pulsation in combustor changing with Rv in 155 Hz excitation


最后为分析受迫振荡增强的原因,计算了不同掺氢比下的全局瑞利因子,如图14所示.瑞利因子r是揭示燃烧稳定性问题基本机理的重要手段[18],其定义如下:

r= 1T∫0T p'H'dt

式中:p'为燃烧过程的压力脉动;T为压力脉动周期.瑞利因子的大小表示燃烧过程的压力波动和热释放波动相互耦合叠加的强度,是燃烧过程发生热声振荡的主要驱动原因.结果显示,随着Rv的增大,燃烧室内的全局瑞利因子逐渐增大,说明此时压力与热释放的耦合不断加强,最终导致了受迫振荡幅值的增大.

图14

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图14   155 Hz激励下燃烧室全局瑞利因子随Rv的变化

Fig.14   Global Rayleigh index in combustor changing with Rv in 155 Hz excitation


3 结论

本文通过试验研究中心分级天然气掺氢火焰的受迫响应特性,在中心分级燃烧器入口上游施加不同频率的速度扰动,探究不同掺氢比对中心分级天然气掺氢燃烧的火焰结构变化、压力脉动特性及热释放率脉动特性的影响.结论如下:

(1) 随着Rv的增大,火焰高度减小,火焰前沿向上游移动,值班级火焰与主燃级火焰质心的距离缩短,导致两级火焰干涉加强.

(2) 随着Rv从0%增大到30%,燃烧室内热释放响应幅值增大了37%,压力响应幅值增大了9%.

(3) 火焰的脉动主要由值班级和主燃级火焰间的干涉主导的火焰脉动和空气扰动直接引发的火焰轴向脉动两者组成,并且Rv的增加,会增强值班级和主燃级火焰间的干涉引发的火焰脉动,加强了压力与热释放的耦合,从而增强了燃烧室内的压力与热释放响应.

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