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| A Survey of Foreign Near-Space Defense Equipment Development in 2025 |
| LAI Wenxing， CHEN Tianyu |
| Shanghai Electro-Mechanical Engineering Institute， Shanghai 201109， China |
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Abstract With the maturation and accelerated fielding of hypersonic strike weapon systems worldwide, traditional air and missile defense architectures face the risk of capability negation. The United States, Russia, and other military powers are actively advancing top-level planning, operational concept development, and system acquisition for near-space defense. Leveraging existing missile defense assets, these nations are constructing hypersonic defense architectures, developing novel sensors and interceptors, and seeking to establish segmented, multi-layered defense systems in the near-space domain to fill critical capability gaps. This paper analyzes the current development of foreign near-space defense systems, evaluates U.S. near-space fire interception performance metrics, examines typical U.S. defensive operational processes, and contrasts the divergent development approaches of the United States and Russia in hypersonic defense, offering insights for the construction of indigenous near-space defense capabilities.
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Received: 06 February 2026
Published: 06 May 2026
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2026, Vol. 9 
