随着新能源渗透率的持续提高，风电、光伏等间歇性电源的出力波动叠加负荷预测误差，电网的净负荷不确定性显著增强，传统调度方法难以满足实时平衡的要求。为此，提出了面向净负荷偏差快速响应的水电实时调度模型。该模型目标函数有两层结构，第1层以最小化参与调节水电站数量为目标，通过优化限制参与调节电站数量，减少调度指令传输与执行环节降低通信延迟与协调时间，从而提升响应速度；第2层以总耗水量最小为目标，充分优化电站间的出力分配，降低整体水量消耗。同时引入偏差一致性约束，确保水电出力调整方向与净负荷偏差一致，避免无效调节，并采用混合整数线性规划进行求解。西南某流域案例研究表明，该模型可将偏差平衡时间缩短约55%，出力调整次数减少约24%，耗水量降低约23%，显著提升了电网调节的效率与经济性。

With the continuous increase in renewable energy penetration, the combined fluctuations from intermittent sources such as wind and solar power, along with load forecasting errors, have significantly heightened the uncertainty of grid net load. Traditional scheduling methods struggle to meet real-time balancing requirements under these conditions. To address this challenge, a real-time hydropower scheduling model for rapid response to net load deviations is proposed. The model features a two-layer objective function: the first layer minimizes the number of participating hydropower plants to streamline command transmission and execution, thereby reducing communication delays and coordination time and enhancing response speed; the second layer minimizes total water consumption by optimizing power output allocation among plants. A deviation consistency constraint is introduced to ensure hydropower output adjustments align with the net load deviation, preventing ineffective adjustments. The model is solved using mixed-integer linear programming. A case study in a southwestern basin demonstrates that the model reduces deviation balancing time by approximately 55%, decreases output adjustment frequency by about 24%, and lowers water consumption by nearly 23%, significantly enhancing the efficiency and economic performance of grid regulation.